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Annotation of OpenXM/src/asir-doc/parts/builtin/io.texi, Revision 1.13

1.13    ! ohara       1: @comment $OpenXM: OpenXM/src/asir-doc/parts/builtin/io.texi,v 1.12 2003/11/01 23:58:44 takayama Exp $
1.2       noro        2: \BJP
1.1       noro        3: @node $BF~=PNO(B,,, $BAH$_9~$_H!?t(B
                      4: @section $BF~=PNO(B
1.2       noro        5: \E
                      6: \BEG
                      7: @node Inputs and Outputs,,, Built-in Function
                      8: @section Inputs and Outputs
                      9: \E
1.1       noro       10:
                     11: @menu
                     12: * end quit::
                     13: * load::
                     14: * which::
                     15: * output::
                     16: * bsave bload::
                     17: * bload27::
                     18: * print::
1.13    ! ohara      19: * access::
1.6       noro       20: * open_file close_file get_line get_byte put_byte purge_stdin::
1.1       noro       21: @end menu
                     22:
1.2       noro       23: \JP @node end quit,,, $BF~=PNO(B
                     24: \EG @node end quit,,, Inputs and Outputs
1.1       noro       25: @subsection @code{end}, @code{quit}
                     26: @findex end
                     27: @findex quit
                     28:
                     29: @table @t
                     30: @item end, quit
1.2       noro       31: \BJP
1.1       noro       32: :: $B8=:_FI$_9~$_Cf$N%U%!%$%k$rJD$8$k(B.
                     33: $B%H%C%W%l%Y%k$K$*$$$F$O%;%C%7%g%s$r=*N;$9$k$3$H$K$J$k(B.
1.2       noro       34: \E
                     35: \BEG
                     36: :: Close the currently reading file.
                     37: At the top level, terminate the @b{Asir} session.
                     38: \E
1.1       noro       39: @end table
                     40:
                     41: @itemize @bullet
1.2       noro       42: \BJP
1.1       noro       43: @item
                     44: @code{end}, @code{quit} $B$H$b$KL50z?t$NH!?t$G$"$k$,(B, @samp{()} $B$J$7$G(B
                     45: $B8F$S=P$9$3$H$,$G$-$k(B. $B$$$:$l$b8=:_FI$_9~$_Cf$N%U%!%$%k$rJD$8$k(B.
                     46: $B$3$l$O(B, $B%H%C%W%l%Y%k$K$*$$$F$O%;%C%7%g%s$r=*N;$5$;$k$3$H$K$J$k(B.
                     47: @item
                     48: $B%U%!%$%k$N>l9g(B, $B%U%!%$%k$N=*C<$^$GFI$a$P(B, $B<+F0E*$K%U%!%$%k$OJD$8$i$l$k(B
                     49: $B$,(B, $B%H%C%W%l%Y%k$N>l9g%W%m%s%W%H$,=P$J$$$^$^(B, $BF~NOBT$A$K$J$k$N$G(B,
                     50: $B%U%!%$%k$N=*C<$K$O(B @code{end$} $B$r=q$/$N$,K>$^$7$$(B.
1.2       noro       51: \E
                     52: \BEG
                     53: @item
                     54: These two functions take no arguments.  These functions can be called
                     55: without a @samp{()}.  Either function close the current input file.
                     56: This means the termination of the @b{Asir} session at the top level.
                     57: @item
                     58: An input file will be automatically closed if it is read to its end.
                     59: However, if no @code{end$} is written at the last of the input file,
                     60: the control will be returned to the top level and @b{Asir} will be
                     61: waiting for an input without any prompting.
                     62: Thus, in order to avoid confusion, putting a @code{end$} at the last
                     63: line of the input file is strongly recommended.
                     64: \E
1.1       noro       65: @end itemize
                     66:
                     67: @example
                     68: [6] quit;
                     69: %
                     70: @end example
                     71:
                     72: @table @t
1.2       noro       73: \JP @item $B;2>H(B
                     74: \EG @item References
1.1       noro       75: @fref{load}.
                     76: @end table
                     77:
1.2       noro       78: \JP @node load,,, $BF~=PNO(B
                     79: \EG @node load,,, Inputs and Outputs
1.1       noro       80: @subsection @code{load}
                     81: @findex load
                     82:
                     83: @table @t
                     84: @item load("@var{filename}")
1.2       noro       85: \JP :: @var{filename} $B$rFI$_9~$`(B.
1.3       noro       86: \EG :: Reads a program file @var{filename}.
1.1       noro       87: @end table
                     88:
                     89: @table @var
                     90: @item return
                     91: (1|0)
                     92: @item filename
1.2       noro       93: \JP $B%U%!%$%kL>(B ($B%Q%9L>(B)
                     94: \EG file (path) name
1.1       noro       95: @end table
                     96:
                     97: @itemize @bullet
1.2       noro       98: \BJP
1.1       noro       99: @item
1.9       noro      100: $B<B:]$N%W%m%0%i%`$N=q$-J}$O(B, @pxref{$B%f!<%68@8l(B Asir}.
1.1       noro      101:  $B%F%-%9%H%U%!%$%k$rFI$_9~$`>l9g(B, @code{cpp}
                    102: $B$rDL$9$N$G(B, C $B$N%W%m%0%i%`F1MM(B @code{#include}, @code{#define} $B$r;H$&$3$H$,$G$-$k(B.
                    103: @item
                    104: $B;XDj$7$?%U%!%$%k$,B8:_$7$?;~$K$O(B 1 $B$rJV$7(B, $BB8:_$7$J$+$C$?;~$O(B 0 $B$rJV$9(B.
                    105: @item
                    106: $B%U%!%$%kL>$,(B @samp{/} $B$G;O$^$k>l9g$O@dBP%Q%9(B, @samp{.} $B$G;O$^$k>l9g$O(B
                    107: $B%+%l%s%H%G%#%l%/%H%j$+$i$NAjBP%Q%9$H8+$J$5$l$k(B. $B$=$l0J30$N>l9g(B,
                    108: $B4D6-JQ?t(B @code{ASIRLOADPATH} $B$K@_Dj$5$l$F$$$k%G%#%l%/%H%j$r:8$+$i=g$K(B
                    109: $B%5!<%A$9$k(B. $B$=$l$i$K3:Ev$9$k%U%!%$%k$,B8:_$7$J$$>l9g(B, $BI8=`%i%$%V%i%j(B
                    110: $B%G%#%l%/%H%j(B ($B$"$k$$$O4D6-JQ?t(B @code{ASIR_LIBDIR} $B$K@_Dj$5$l$F$$$k(B
                    111: $B%G%#%l%/%H%j(B) $B$b%5!<%A$9$k(B.
1.2       noro      112: Windows $BHG$N>l9g(B, @code{ASIR_LIBDIR} $B$,@_Dj$5$l$F$$$J$$>l9g$K$O(B,
                    113: @code{get_rootdir()/lib} $B$r%5!<%A$9$k(B.
1.1       noro      114: @item
                    115: $BFI$_9~$`%U%!%$%k$N:G8e$K(B, @code{end$} $B$,$J$$$H(B @code{load()}
                    116: $B=*N;8e$K%W%m%s%W%H$,$G$J$$$,(B, $B<B:]$K$OF~NO$r<u$1IU$1$k(B. $B$7$+$7(B,
                    117: $B:.Mp$r>7$/$*$=$l$,$"$k$N$G%U%!%$%k$N:G8e$K(B @code{end$} $B$r=q$$$F$*$/$3$H(B
                    118: $B$,K>$^$7$$(B. (@code{end;} $B$G$b$h$$$,(B, @code{end} $B$,JV$9CM(B 0 $B$,I=<($5$l$k(B
                    119: $B$?$a(B, @code{end$} $B$r$*4+$a$9$k(B. )
                    120: @item
                    121: Windows $BHG$b%G%#%l%/%H%j$N%;%Q%l!<%?$H$7$F(B @samp{/} $B$rMQ$$$k(B.
1.2       noro      122: \E
                    123: \BEG
                    124: @item
1.9       noro      125: See @ref{User language Asir} for practical programming.
1.2       noro      126: Since text files are read through @code{cpp},
                    127: the user can use, as in C programs, @code{#include} and @code{#define}
                    128: in @b{Asir} program source codes.
                    129: @item
                    130: It returns 1 if the designated file exists, 0 otherwise.
                    131: @item
                    132: If the @var{filename} begins with @samp{/}, it is understood as an
                    133: absolute path name; with  @samp{.}, relative path name from current
                    134: directory; otherwise, the file is searched first from directories
                    135: assigned to an environmental variable @code{ASIRLOADPATH}, then
                    136: if the search ends up in failure, the standard library directory
                    137: (or directories assigned to @code{ASIR_LIBDIR}) shall be searched.
                    138: On Windows, @code{get_rootdir()/lib} is searched if
                    139: @code{ASIR_LIBDIR} is not set.
                    140: @item
                    141: We recommend to write an @code{end} command at the last line of
                    142: your program.  If not, @b{Asir} will not give you a prompt after it
                    143: will have executed @code{load} command.
1.9       noro      144: (Escape with an interrupt character (@ref{Interruption}),
1.2       noro      145: if you have lost yourself.)
                    146: Even in such a situation,
                    147: @b{Asir} itself is still ready to read keyboard inputs as usual.
                    148: It is, however, embarrassing and may cause other errors.
                    149: Therefore, to put an @code{end$} at the last line is desirable.
                    150: (Command @code{end;} will work as well,
                    151: but it also returns and displays verbose.)
                    152: @item
                    153: On Windows one has to use @samp{/} as the separator of directory names.
                    154: \E
1.1       noro      155: @end itemize
                    156:
                    157: @table @t
1.2       noro      158: \JP @item $B;2>H(B
                    159: \EG @item References
1.1       noro      160: @fref{end quit}, @fref{which}, @fref{get_rootdir}.
                    161: @end table
                    162:
1.2       noro      163: \JP @node which,,, $BF~=PNO(B
                    164: \EG @node which,,, Inputs and Outputs
1.1       noro      165: @subsection @code{which}
                    166: @findex which
                    167:
                    168: @table @t
                    169: @item which("@var{filename}")
1.2       noro      170: \JP :: $B0z?t(B @var{filename} $B$KBP$7(B, @code{load()} $B$,FI$_9~$`%Q%9L>$rJV$9(B.
                    171: \EG :: This returns the path name for the @var{filename} which @code{load()} will read.
1.1       noro      172: @end table
                    173:
                    174: @table @var
                    175: @item return
1.2       noro      176: \JP $B%Q%9L>(B
                    177: \EG path name
1.1       noro      178: @item filename
1.2       noro      179: \JP $B%U%!%$%kL>(B ($B%Q%9L>(B) $B$^$?$O(B 0
                    180: \EG filename (path name) or 0
1.1       noro      181: @end table
                    182:
                    183: @itemize @bullet
1.2       noro      184: \BJP
1.1       noro      185: @item
                    186: @code{load()} $B$,%U%!%$%k$r%5!<%A$9$k<j=g$K=>$C$F%5!<%A$7(B,
                    187: $B%U%!%$%k$,B8:_$9$k>l9g$K$O%Q%9L>$rJ8;zNs$H$7$F(B, $BB8:_$7$J$$>l9g(B
                    188: $B$K$O(B 0 $B$rJV$9(B.
                    189: @item
                    190: $B%5!<%A$N<j=g$K$D$$$F$O(B @code{load()} $B$r;2>H(B.
                    191: @item
                    192: Windows $BHG$b%G%#%l%/%H%j$N%;%Q%l!<%?$H$7$F(B @samp{/} $B$rMQ$$$k(B.
1.2       noro      193: \E
                    194: \BEG
                    195: @item
                    196: This function searches directory trees according to the same procedure
                    197: as @code{load()} will do.  Then, returns a string, the path name to the
                    198: file if the named file exists; 0 unless otherwise.
                    199: @item
                    200: For details of searching procedure,
                    201: refer to the description about @code{load()}.
                    202: @item
                    203: On Windows one has to use @samp{/} as the separator of directory names.
                    204: \E
1.1       noro      205: @end itemize
                    206:
                    207: @example
                    208: [0] which("gr");
                    209: ./gb/gr
                    210: [1] which("/usr/local/lib/gr");
                    211: 0
                    212: [2] which("/usr/local/lib/asir/gr");
                    213: /usr/local/lib/asir/gr
                    214: @end example
                    215:
                    216: @table @t
1.2       noro      217: \JP @item $B;2>H(B
                    218: \EG @item References
1.1       noro      219: @fref{load}.
                    220: @end table
                    221:
1.2       noro      222: \JP @node output,,, $BF~=PNO(B
                    223: \EG @node output,,, Inputs and Outputs
1.1       noro      224: @subsection @code{output}
                    225: @findex output
                    226:
                    227: @table @t
                    228: @item output(["@var{filename}"])
1.2       noro      229: \JP :: $B0J9_$N=PNO@h$r(B @var{filename}$B$^$?$OI8=`=PNO$K@ZBX$($k(B.
                    230: \EG :: Writes the return values and prompt onto file @var{filename}.
1.1       noro      231: @end table
                    232:
                    233: @table @var
                    234: @item return
                    235: 1
                    236: @item filename
1.2       noro      237: \JP $B%U%!%$%kL>(B
                    238: \EG filename
1.1       noro      239: @end table
                    240:
                    241: @itemize @bullet
1.2       noro      242: \BJP
1.1       noro      243: @item
                    244: @b{Asir} $B$N=PNO$rI8=`=PNO$+$i(B, $B%U%!%$%k$X$N=PNO$K@ZBX$($k(B.
                    245: $B$J$*(B, $B%U%!%$%k=PNO$N4V$O(B, $BI8=`=PNO$K$O%-!<%\!<%I$+$i$NF~NO0J30(B,
                    246: $B=PNO$5$l$J$$(B.
                    247: @item
                    248: $BJL$N%U%!%$%k=PNO$K@ZBX$($k;~$K$O(B, $B:F$S(B @code{output("@var{filename}")}
                    249: $B$r<B9T$9$k(B.
                    250: $BKt(B, $B%U%!%$%k=PNO$r=*N;$7I8=`=PNO$KLa$j$?$$;~$K$O(B, $B0z?t$J$7$G(B
                    251: @code{output()} $B$r<B9T$9$k(B.
                    252: @item
                    253: $B;XDj$7$?%U%!%$%k(B @var{filename} $B$,B8:_$7$?;~$O(B, $B$=$N%U%!%$%k$NKvHx$K(B
                    254: $BDI=q$-$5$l(B, $BB8:_$7$J$+$C$?;~$K$O(B, $B?7$?$K%U%!%$%k$r:n@.$7(B, $B$=$3$K=q$-9~$^$l$k(B.
                    255: @item
                    256: $B%U%!%$%k%M!<%`$r(B "" $B%@%V%k%/%)!<%H$J$7$G;XDj$r$7$?$j(B,
                    257: $B%f!<%6$,(B, $B=q$-9~$a$J$$%U%!%$%k$r;XDj$7$?$j$9$k$H(B,
                    258: $B%(%i!<$K$h$j%H%C%W%l%Y%k$KLa$k(B.
                    259: @item
                    260: $BF~NO$7$?$b$N$b9~$a$F%U%!%$%k$K=PNO$7$?$$>l9g$K$O(B, @code{ctrl("echo",1)}
                    261: $B$r<B9T$7$?8e$G%U%!%$%k=PNO$K@ZBX$($l$PNI$$(B.
                    262: @item
                    263: $B7W;;;~4V$J$I(B, $BI8=`%(%i!<=PNO$K=q$-=P$5$l$k$b$N$O%U%!%$%k$K$O=q$-=P$5$l$J$$(B.
                    264: @item
                    265: $BH!?t7A<0(B, $BL$Dj78?t(B (@code{vtype()} $B;2>H(B) $B$r4^$^$J$$?t<0$N%U%!%$%k$X$NFI$_=q$-$O(B,
                    266: @code{bload()}, @code{bsave()} $B$r;H$&$N$,(B, $B;~4V(B, $B6u4V$H$b$K8zN($,$h$$(B.
                    267: @item
                    268: Windows $BHG$b%G%#%l%/%H%j$N%;%Q%l!<%?$H$7$F(B @samp{/} $B$rMQ$$$k(B.
1.2       noro      269: \E
                    270: \BEG
                    271: @item
                    272: Standard output stream of @b{Asir} is redirected to the specified file.
                    273: While @b{Asir} is writing its outputs onto a file, no outputs, except for
                    274: keyboard inputs and some of error messages, are written onto the standard
                    275: output. (You cannot see the result on the display.)
                    276: @item
                    277: To direct the @b{Asir} outputs to the standard output, issue the command
                    278: without argument, i.e., @code{output()}.
                    279: @item
                    280: If the specified file already exists, new outputs will be added to the
                    281: tail of the file. If not, a file is newly created and the outputs
                    282: will be written onto the file.
                    283: @item
                    284: When file name is specified without double quotes (@code{""}), or
                    285: when protected file is specified, an error occurs and the system returns
                    286: to the top level.
                    287: @item
                    288: If you want to write inputs from the key board onto the file as well
                    289: as @b{Asir} outputs, put command @code{ctrl("echo",1)}, and then
                    290: redirect the standard output to your desired file.
                    291: @item
                    292: Contents which are written onto the standard error output, CPU time etc.,
                    293: are not written onto the file.
                    294: @item
                    295: Reading and writing algebraic expressions which contain neither
                    296: functional forms nor unknown coefficients (@code{vtype()} References)
                    297: are performed more efficiently, with respect to both time and space,
                    298: by @code{bload()} and  @code{bsave()}.
                    299: @item
                    300: On Windows one has to use @samp{/} as the separator of directory names.
                    301: \E
1.1       noro      302: @end itemize
                    303:
                    304: @example
                    305: [83] output("afo");
                    306: fctr(x^2-y^2);
                    307: print("afo");
                    308: output();
                    309: 1
                    310: [87] quit;
                    311: % cat afo
                    312: 1
                    313: [84] [[1,1],[x+y,1],[x-y,1]]
                    314: [85] afo
                    315: 0
                    316: [86]
                    317: @end example
                    318:
                    319: @table @t
1.2       noro      320: \JP @item $B;2>H(B
                    321: \EG @item References
1.1       noro      322: @fref{ctrl}, @fref{bsave bload}.
                    323: @end table
                    324:
1.2       noro      325: \JP @node bsave bload,,, $BF~=PNO(B
                    326: \EG @node bsave bload,,, Inputs and Outputs
1.1       noro      327: @subsection @code{bsave}, @code{bload}
                    328: @findex bsave
                    329: @findex bload
                    330:
                    331: @table @t
                    332: @item bsave(@var{obj},"@var{filename}")
1.2       noro      333: \JP :: @var{filename} $B$K(B @var{obj} $B$r%P%$%J%j7A<0$G=q$-9~$`(B.
                    334: \EG :: This function writes @var{obj} onto @var{filename} in binary form.
1.4       noro      335: @item bload("@var{filename}")
1.2       noro      336: \JP :: @var{filename} $B$+$i?t<0$r%P%$%J%j7A<0$GFI$_9~$`(B.
                    337: \EG :: This function reads an expression from @var{filename} in binary form.
1.1       noro      338: @end table
                    339:
                    340: @table @var
                    341: @item return
1.2       noro      342: \JP @code{bsave()} : 1, @code{bload()} : $BFI$_9~$s$@?t<0(B
                    343: \EG @code{bsave()} : 1, @code{bload()} : the expression read
1.1       noro      344: @item obj
1.2       noro      345: \JP $BH!?t7A<0(B, $BL$Dj78?t$r4^$^$J$$G$0U$N?t<0(B
                    346: \BEG
                    347: arbitrary expression which does not contain neither function forms
                    348: nor unknown coefficients.
                    349: \E
1.1       noro      350: @item filename
1.2       noro      351: \JP $B%U%!%$%kL>(B
                    352: \EG filename
1.1       noro      353: @end table
                    354:
                    355: @itemize @bullet
1.2       noro      356: \BJP
1.1       noro      357: @item
                    358: @code{bsave()} $B$OFbIt7A<0$r$[$\$=$N$^$^%P%$%J%j7A<0$G%U%!%$%k$K=q$-9~$`(B.
                    359: @code{bload()} $B$O(B, @code{bsave()} $B$G=q$-9~$s$@?t<0$rFI$_9~$s$GFbIt7A<0(B
                    360: $B$KJQ49$9$k(B. $B8=:_$N%$%s%W%j%a%s%F!<%7%g%s$N@)8B$K$h$j(B, $BH!?t7A<0(B, $BL$Dj78?t(B
                    361: (@code{vtype()} $B;2>H(B) $B$r4^$^$J$$%j%9%H(B, $BG[Ns$J$I$r4^$`G$0U$N?t<0$r%U%!(B
                    362: $B%$%k$KJ]B8$9$k$3$H$,$G$-$k(B.
                    363: @item
                    364: @code{output()} $B$J$I$GJ]B8$7$?>l9g(B, $BFI$_9~$_;~$K%Q!<%6$,5/F0$5$l$k$,(B,
                    365: @code{bsave()} $B$GJ]B8$7$?$b$N$r(B @code{bload()} $B$GFI$`>l9g(B, $BD>@\(B
                    366: $BFbIt7A<0$,9=@.$G$-$k$?$a(B, $B;~4VE*(B, $B6u4VE*$K8zN($,$h$$(B.
                    367: @item
                    368: $BB?9`<0$N>l9g(B, $B=q$-9~$_;~$HFI$_9~$_;~$GJQ?t=g=x$,0[$J$k>l9g$,$"$k$,(B,
                    369: $B$=$N>l9g$K$O(B, $B<+F0E*$K8=:_$NJQ?t=g=x$K$*$1$kFbIt7A<0$KJQ49$5$l$k(B.
                    370: @item
                    371: Windows $BHG$b%G%#%l%/%H%j$N%;%Q%l!<%?$H$7$F(B @samp{/} $B$rMQ$$$k(B.
1.2       noro      372: \E
                    373: \BEG
                    374: @item
                    375: Function @code{bsave()} writes an object onto a file in its internal
                    376: form (not exact internal form but very similar).
                    377: Function @code{bload()} read the expression from files
                    378: which is written by @code{bsave()}.
                    379: Current implementation support arbitrary expressions, including
                    380: lists, arrays (i.e., vectors and matrices), except for function forms
                    381: and unknown coefficients (@code{vtype()} References.)
                    382: @item
                    383: The parser is activated to retrieve expressions written by
                    384: @code{output()} , whereas internal forms are directly reconstructed
                    385: by @code{bload()} from the @code{bsave()}'ed object in the file.
                    386: The latter is much more efficient with respect to both time and space.
                    387: @item
                    388: It may happen that the variable ordering at reading is changed from
                    389: that at writing.  In such a case, the variable ordering in the internal
                    390: expression is automatically rearranged according to the current
                    391: variable ordering.
                    392: @item
                    393: On Windows one has to use @samp{/} as the separator of directory names.
                    394: \E
1.1       noro      395: @end itemize
                    396:
                    397: @example
                    398: [0] A=(x+y+z+u+v+w)^20$
                    399: [1] bsave(A,"afo");
                    400: 1
                    401: [2] B = bload("afo")$
                    402: [3] A == B;
                    403: 1
                    404: [4] X=(x+y)^2;
                    405: x^2+2*y*x+y^2
                    406: [5] bsave(X,"afo")$
                    407: [6] quit;
                    408: % asir
                    409: [0] ord([y,x])$
                    410: [1] bload("afo");
                    411: y^2+2*x*y+x^2
                    412: @end example
                    413:
                    414: @table @t
1.2       noro      415: \JP @item $B;2>H(B
                    416: \EG @item References
1.1       noro      417: @fref{output}.
                    418: @end table
                    419:
1.2       noro      420: \JP @node bload27,,, $BF~=PNO(B
                    421: \EG @node bload27,,, Inputs and Outputs
1.1       noro      422: @subsection @code{bload27}
                    423: @findex bload27
                    424:
                    425: @table @t
1.4       noro      426: @item bload27("@var{filename}")
1.2       noro      427: \JP :: $B5lHG$G:n$i$l$?(B bsave file $B$NFI$_9~$_(B
                    428: \EG :: Reads bsaved file created by older version of @b{Asir}.
1.1       noro      429: @end table
                    430:
                    431: @table @var
                    432: @item return
1.2       noro      433: \JP $BFI$_9~$s$@?t<0(B
                    434: \EG expression read
1.1       noro      435: @item filename
1.2       noro      436: \JP $B%U%!%$%kL>(B
                    437: \EG filename
1.1       noro      438: @end table
                    439:
                    440: @itemize @bullet
1.2       noro      441: \BJP
1.1       noro      442: @item
                    443: $B5lHG$G$O(B, $BB?G\D9@0?t$,(B, 1 $B%o!<%I(B 27 bit $B$GI=8=$5$l$F$$$?$,(B, $B?7HG$G$O(B 1 $B%o!<%I(B 32 bit
                    444: $B$KJQ99$5$l$?(B. $B$3$N$?$a(B, $B5lHG$G(B @code{bsave} $B$5$l$?%P%$%J%j%U%!%$%k$O$=$N$^$^$G$O(B
                    445: $BFI$_9~$a$J$$(B. $B$3$N$h$&$J%U%!%$%k$rFI$_9~$`$?$a$K(B @code{bload27} $B$rMQ$$$k(B.
                    446: @item
                    447: Windows $BHG$b%G%#%l%/%H%j$N%;%Q%l!<%?$H$7$F(B @samp{/} $B$rMQ$$$k(B.
1.2       noro      448: \E
                    449: \BEG
                    450: @item
                    451: In older versions an arbitrary precision integer is represented as
                    452: an array of 27bit integers. In the current version it is represented
                    453: as an array of 32bit integers. By this incompatibility the bsaved
                    454: file created by older versions cannot be read in the current version
                    455: by @code{bload}.
                    456: @code{bload27} is used to read such files.
                    457: @item
                    458: On Windows one has to use @samp{/} as the separator of directory names.
                    459: \E
1.1       noro      460: @end itemize
                    461:
                    462: @table @t
1.2       noro      463: \JP @item $B;2>H(B
                    464: \EG @item References
1.1       noro      465: @fref{bsave bload}.
                    466: @end table
                    467:
1.2       noro      468: \JP @node print,,, $BF~=PNO(B
                    469: \EG @node print,,, Inputs and Outputs
1.1       noro      470: @subsection @code{print}
                    471: @findex print
                    472:
                    473: @table @t
                    474: @item print(@var{obj} [,@var{nl}])
1.2       noro      475: \JP :: @var{obj} $B$rI=<($9$k(B.
                    476: \EG :: Displays (or outputs) @var{obj}.
1.1       noro      477: @end table
                    478:
                    479: @table @var
                    480: @item return
                    481: 0
                    482: @item obj
1.2       noro      483: \JP $BG$0U(B
                    484: \EG arbitrary
1.1       noro      485: @item nl
1.2       noro      486: \JP $B%U%i%0(B ($BG$0U(B)
                    487: \EG flag (arbitrary)
1.1       noro      488: @end table
                    489:
                    490: @itemize @bullet
1.2       noro      491: \BJP
1.1       noro      492: @item
                    493: @var{obj} $B$rI>2A$7$FI=<($9$k(B.
                    494: @item
                    495: $BBh(B 2 $B0z?t$,$J$$$+(B, $B$^$?$O(B 0, 2 $B0J30$N>l9g(B, $B2~9T$9$k(B.
                    496: $BBh(B 2 $B0z?t$,(B 1 $B$N>l9g(B, $B2~9T$;$:(B, $B=PNO$O%P%C%U%!$K=q$-9~$^$l(B,
                    497: $B%P%C%U%!$O%U%i%C%7%e$5$l$J$$(B.
                    498: $BBh(B 2 $B0z?t$,(B 2 $B$N>l9g(B, $B2~9T$7$J$$$,%P%C%U%!$O%U%i%C%7%e$5$l$k(B.
                    499: @item
                    500: $B$3$NH!?t$NLa$jCM$O(B 0 $B$G$"$k$+$i(B, @code{print();}
                    501: $B$G<B9T$9$k$H(B, $B=PNO$N8e$K(B 0 $B$,JV$5$l$k(B.
                    502: @code{print()$} $B$H$9$l$P(B, $B:G8e$N(B 0 $B$O=PNO$5$l$J$$(B.
                    503: @item
                    504: $BJ#?t$N(B @var{obj} $B$rF1;~$K=PNO$7$?$$;~$O(B @var{obj} $B$r%j%9%H$K$9$k$H$h$$(B.
1.2       noro      505: \E
                    506: \BEG
                    507: @item
                    508: Displays (or outputs) @var{obj}.
                    509: @item
                    510: It normally adds linefeed code to cause the cursor moving to the next
                    511: line.  If 0 or 2 is given as the second argument, it does not add a linefeed.
                    512: If the second argument is 0, the output is simply written in the buffer.
                    513: If the second argument is 2, the output is flushed.
                    514: @item
                    515: The return value of this function is 0.
                    516: If command @code{print(@var{rat});} is performed at the top level,
                    517: first the value of @var{rat} will be printed,
                    518: followed by a linefeed, followed by a 0 which is the value of the
                    519: function and followed by a linefeed and the next prompt.
                    520: (If the command is terminated by a `$', e.g., @code{print(@var{rat})$},
                    521: The last 0 will not be printed. )
                    522: @item
                    523: Formatted outputs are not currently supported.
                    524: If one wishes to output multiple objects by a single @code{print()} command,
1.10      noro      525: use list like @code{[@var{obj1},...]}, which is not so beautiful, but
1.2       noro      526: convenient to minimize programming efforts.
                    527: \E
1.1       noro      528: @end itemize
                    529:
                    530: @example
1.11      noro      531: [8] def cat(L) @{ while ( L != [] ) @{ print(car(L),0); L = cdr(L);@}
                    532: print(""); @}
1.1       noro      533: [9] cat([xyz,123,"gahaha"])$
                    534: xyz123gahaha
                    535: @end example
1.13    ! ohara     536:
        !           537: \JP @node access,,, $BF~=PNO(B
        !           538: \EG @node aceess,,, Inputs and Outputs
        !           539: @subsection @code{access}
        !           540: @findex access
        !           541:
        !           542: @table @t
        !           543: @item access(@var{file})
        !           544: \JP :: @var{file} $B$NB8:_$r%F%9%H$9$k(B.
        !           545: \EG :: testing an existence of @var{file}.
        !           546: @end table
        !           547:
        !           548: @table @var
        !           549: @item return
        !           550: 0 or 1
        !           551: @item file
        !           552: \JP $B%U%!%$%kL>(B
        !           553: \EG filename
        !           554: @end table
        !           555:
        !           556: @itemize @bullet
        !           557: \BJP
        !           558: @item
        !           559: @var{file} $B$,B8:_$9$l$P(B 1, $BB8:_$7$J$1$l$P(B 0 $B$rJV$9(B.
        !           560: \E
        !           561: @end itemize
1.1       noro      562:
1.6       noro      563: \JP @node open_file close_file get_line get_byte put_byte purge_stdin,,, $BF~=PNO(B
                    564: \EG @node open_file close_file get_line get_byte put_byte purge_stdin,,, Inputs and Outputs
                    565: @subsection @code{open_file}, @code{close_file}, @code{get_line}, @code{get_byte}, @code{put_byte}, @code{purge_stdin}
1.3       noro      566: @findex open_file
                    567: @findex close_file
                    568: @findex get_line
1.5       noro      569: @findex get_byte
1.6       noro      570: @findex put_byte
1.5       noro      571: @findex purge_stdin
1.3       noro      572:
                    573: @table @t
1.6       noro      574: @item open_file("@var{filename}"[,"@var{mode}"])
                    575: \JP :: @var{filename} $B$r%*!<%W%s$9$k(B.
1.3       noro      576: \EG :: Opens @var{filename} for reading.
                    577: @item close_file(@var{num})
                    578: \JP :: $B<1JL;R(B @var{num} $B$N%U%!%$%k$r%/%m!<%:$9$k(B.
                    579: \EG :: Closes the file indicated by a descriptor @var{num}.
1.5       noro      580: @item get_line([@var{num}])
1.3       noro      581: \JP :: $B<1JL;R(B @var{num} $B$N%U%!%$%k$+$i(B 1 $B9TFI$`(B.
                    582: \EG :: Reads a line from the file indicated by a descriptor @var{num}.
1.5       noro      583: @item get_byte(@var{num})
                    584: \JP :: $B<1JL;R(B @var{num} $B$N%U%!%$%k$+$i(B 1 $B%P%$%HFI$`(B.
                    585: \EG :: Reads a byte from the file indicated by a descriptor @var{num}.
1.8       takayama  586: @item put_byte(@var{num},@var{c})
                    587: \JP :: $B<1JL;R(B @var{num} $B$N%U%!%$%k$K(B 1 $B%P%$%H(B @var{c} $B$r=q$/(B.
                    588: \EG :: Writes a byte @var{c} to the file indicated by a descriptor @var{num}.
1.6       noro      589: @item purge_stdin()
1.5       noro      590: @item purge_stdin()
                    591: \JP :: $BI8=`F~NO$N%P%C%U%!$r%/%j%"$9$k(B.
                    592: \EG :: Clears the buffer for the standard input.
1.3       noro      593: @end table
                    594:
                    595: @table @var
                    596: @item return
1.6       noro      597: \JP @code{open_file()} : $B@0?t(B ($B<1JL;R(B); @code{close_file()} : 1; @code{get_line()} : $BJ8;zNs(B; @code{get_byte()}, @code{put_byte()} : $B@0?t(B
                    598: \EG @code{open_file()} : integer (fild id); @code{close_file()} : 1; @code{get_line()} : string; @code{get_byte()}, @code{put_byte()} : integer
1.3       noro      599: @item filename
                    600: \JP $B%U%!%$%kL>(B ($B%Q%9L>(B)
                    601: \EG file (path) name
1.6       noro      602: @item mode
                    603: \JP $BJ8;zNs(B
                    604: \EG string
1.3       noro      605: @item num
                    606: \JP $BHsIi@0?t(B ($B%U%!%$%k<1JL;R(B)
                    607: \EG non-negative integer (file descriptor)
                    608: @end table
                    609:
                    610: @itemize @bullet
                    611: \BJP
1.6       noro      612: @item @code{open_file()} $B$O%U%!%$%k$r%*!<%W%s$9$k(B. @var{mode} $B;XDj$,(B
                    613: $B$J$$>l9gFI$_=P$7MQ(B, @var{mode} $B;XDj$,$"$k>l9g$K$O(B, C $B$NI8=`F~=PNO(B
                    614: $B4X?t(B @code{fopen()} $B$KBP$9$k%b!<%I;XDj$H$_$J$9(B. $B$?$H$($P?75,=q$-9~$_(B
                    615: $BMQ$N>l9g(B @code{"w"}, $BKvHxDI2C$N>l9g(B @code{"a"} $B$J$I(B.
                    616: $B@.8y$7$?>l9g(B, $B%U%!%$%k<1JL;R$H$7$FHsIi@0?t$rJV$9(B. $B<:GT$N>l9g%(%i!<$H$J$k(B.
1.3       noro      617: $BITMW$K$J$C$?%U%!%$%k$O(B @code{close_file()} $B$G%/%m!<%:$9$k(B.
1.12      takayama  618: $BFCJL$J%U%!%$%kL>(B unix://stdin, unix://stdout, unix://stderr $B$rM?$($k$H(B
                    619: $B$=$l$>$lI8=`F~NO(B, $BI8=`=PNO(B, $BI8=`%(%i!<=PNO$r%*!<%W%s$9$k(B.
                    620: $B$3$N>l9g%b!<%I;XDj$OL5;k$5$l$k(B.
1.3       noro      621: @item @code{get_line()} $B$O8=:_%*!<%W%s$7$F$$$k%U%!%$%k$+$i(B 1 $B9TFI$_(B,
1.5       noro      622: $BJ8;zNs$H$7$FJV$9(B. $B0z?t$,$J$$>l9g(B, $BI8=`F~NO$+$i(B 1 $B9TFI$`(B.
                    623: @item @code{get_byte()} $B$O8=:_%*!<%W%s$7$F$$$k%U%!%$%k$+$i(B 1 $B%P%$%HFI$_(B
                    624: $B@0?t$H$7$FJV$9(B.
1.6       noro      625: @item @code{put_byte()} $B$O8=:_%*!<%W%s$7$F$$$k%U%!%$%k$K(B 1 $B%P%$%H=q$-(B,
                    626: $B$=$N%P%$%H$r@0?t$H$7$FJV$9(B.
1.3       noro      627: @item $B%U%!%$%k$N=*$j$^$GFI$s$@8e$K(B @code{get_line()} $B$,8F$P$l$?>l9g(B,
                    628: $B@0?t$N(B 0 $B$rJV$9(B.
                    629: @item $BFI$_=P$7$?J8;zNs$O(B, $BI,MW$,$"$l$P(B @code{sub_str()} $B$J$I$NJ8;zNs=hM}(B
                    630: $B4X?t$G2C9)$7$?$N$A(B @code{eval_str()} $B$K$h$jFbIt7A<0$KJQ49$G$-$k(B.
1.5       noro      631: @item @code{purge_stdin()} $B$O(B, $BI8=`F~NO%P%C%U%!$r6u$K$9$k(B.
                    632: $B4X?tFb$G(B @code{get_line()} $B$K$h$jI8=`F~NO$+$iJ8;zNs$r<u$1<h$k>l9g(B,
                    633: $B4{$K%P%C%U%!Fb$KB8:_$9$kJ8;zNs$K$h$k8mF0:n$rKI$0$?$a$K$"$i$+$8$a(B
                    634: $B8F$S=P$9(B.
1.3       noro      635: \E
                    636: \BEG
1.6       noro      637: @item @code{open_file()} opens a file.
                    638: If @var{mode} is not specified, a file is opened for reading.
                    639: If @var{mode} is specified, it is used as the mode specification for
1.7       noro      640: C standard I/O function @code{fopen()}. For example @code{"w"} requests
1.6       noro      641: that the file is truncated to zero length or created for writing.
                    642: @code{"a"} requests that the file is opened for writing or created
                    643: if it does not exist.
                    644: The stream pointer is set at the end of the file.
1.3       noro      645: If successful, it returns a non-negative integer as the file descriptor.
                    646: Otherwise the system error function is called.
                    647: Unnecessary files should be closed by @code{close_file()}.
1.12      takayama  648: If the special file name unix://stdin or unix://stdout or unix://stderr
                    649: is given, it returns the file descriptor for the standard input or
                    650: the standard output or the standard error stream respectively.
                    651: The mode argument is ignored in this case.
1.3       noro      652: @item @code{get_line()} reads a line from an opened file and returns the
1.5       noro      653: line as a string. If no argument is supplied, it reads a line from the
                    654: standard input.
                    655: @item @code{get_byte()} reads a byte from an opened file and returns the
                    656: it as an integer.
1.6       noro      657: @item @code{put_byte()} writes a byte from an opened file and returns the
                    658: the byte as an integer.
1.3       noro      659: @item A @code{get_line()} call after reading the end of file returns
                    660: an integer 0.
                    661: @item Strings can be converted into internal forms with string manipulation
                    662: functions such as @code{sub_str()}, @code{eval_str()}.
1.5       noro      663: @item @code{purge_stdin()} clears the buffer for the standard input.
                    664: When a function receives a character string from @code{get_line()},
                    665: this functions should be called in advance in order to avoid
                    666: an incorrect behavior which is caused by the characters already
                    667: exists in the buffer.
1.3       noro      668: \E
                    669: @end itemize
                    670:
                    671: @example
                    672: [185] Id = open_file("test");
                    673: 0
                    674: [186] get_line(Id);
                    675: 12345
                    676:
                    677: [187] get_line(Id);
                    678: 67890
                    679:
                    680: [188] get_line(Id);
                    681: 0
                    682: [189] type(@@@@);
                    683: 0
1.5       noro      684: [190] close_file(Id);
                    685: 1
                    686: [191] open_file("test");
                    687: 1
                    688: [192] get_line(1);
                    689: 12345
                    690:
                    691: [193] get_byte(1);
                    692: 54                   /* the ASCII code of '6' */
                    693: [194] get_line(1);
                    694: 7890                 /* the rest of the last line */
                    695: [195] def test() @{ return get_line(); @}
                    696: [196] def test1() @{ purge_stdin(); return get_line(); @}
                    697: [197] test();
                    698:                      /* a remaining newline character has been read */
                    699:                      /* returns immediately */
                    700: [198] test1();
                    701: 123;                 /* input from a keyboard */
                    702: 123;                 /* returned value */
                    703:
                    704: [199]
                    705:
1.3       noro      706: @end example
                    707:
                    708: @table @t
                    709: \JP @item $B;2>H(B
                    710: \EG @item References
                    711: @fref{eval_str}, @fref{str_len str_chr sub_str}.
                    712: @end table