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Annotation of OpenXM/src/asir-doc/parts/builtin/io.texi, Revision 1.3

1.3     ! noro        1: @comment $OpenXM: OpenXM/src/asir-doc/parts/builtin/io.texi,v 1.2 1999/12/21 02:47:33 noro Exp $
1.2       noro        2: \BJP
1.1       noro        3: @node $BF~=PNO(B,,, $BAH$_9~$_H!?t(B
                      4: @section $BF~=PNO(B
1.2       noro        5: \E
                      6: \BEG
                      7: @node Inputs and Outputs,,, Built-in Function
                      8: @section Inputs and Outputs
                      9: \E
1.1       noro       10:
                     11: @menu
                     12: * end quit::
                     13: * load::
                     14: * which::
                     15: * output::
                     16: * bsave bload::
                     17: * bload27::
                     18: * print::
1.3     ! noro       19: * open_file close_file get_line::
1.1       noro       20: @end menu
                     21:
1.2       noro       22: \JP @node end quit,,, $BF~=PNO(B
                     23: \EG @node end quit,,, Inputs and Outputs
1.1       noro       24: @subsection @code{end}, @code{quit}
                     25: @findex end
                     26: @findex quit
                     27:
                     28: @table @t
                     29: @item end, quit
1.2       noro       30: \BJP
1.1       noro       31: :: $B8=:_FI$_9~$_Cf$N%U%!%$%k$rJD$8$k(B.
                     32: $B%H%C%W%l%Y%k$K$*$$$F$O%;%C%7%g%s$r=*N;$9$k$3$H$K$J$k(B.
1.2       noro       33: \E
                     34: \BEG
                     35: :: Close the currently reading file.
                     36: At the top level, terminate the @b{Asir} session.
                     37: \E
1.1       noro       38: @end table
                     39:
                     40: @itemize @bullet
1.2       noro       41: \BJP
1.1       noro       42: @item
                     43: @code{end}, @code{quit} $B$H$b$KL50z?t$NH!?t$G$"$k$,(B, @samp{()} $B$J$7$G(B
                     44: $B8F$S=P$9$3$H$,$G$-$k(B. $B$$$:$l$b8=:_FI$_9~$_Cf$N%U%!%$%k$rJD$8$k(B.
                     45: $B$3$l$O(B, $B%H%C%W%l%Y%k$K$*$$$F$O%;%C%7%g%s$r=*N;$5$;$k$3$H$K$J$k(B.
                     46: @item
                     47: $B%U%!%$%k$N>l9g(B, $B%U%!%$%k$N=*C<$^$GFI$a$P(B, $B<+F0E*$K%U%!%$%k$OJD$8$i$l$k(B
                     48: $B$,(B, $B%H%C%W%l%Y%k$N>l9g%W%m%s%W%H$,=P$J$$$^$^(B, $BF~NOBT$A$K$J$k$N$G(B,
                     49: $B%U%!%$%k$N=*C<$K$O(B @code{end$} $B$r=q$/$N$,K>$^$7$$(B.
1.2       noro       50: \E
                     51: \BEG
                     52: @item
                     53: These two functions take no arguments.  These functions can be called
                     54: without a @samp{()}.  Either function close the current input file.
                     55: This means the termination of the @b{Asir} session at the top level.
                     56: @item
                     57: An input file will be automatically closed if it is read to its end.
                     58: However, if no @code{end$} is written at the last of the input file,
                     59: the control will be returned to the top level and @b{Asir} will be
                     60: waiting for an input without any prompting.
                     61: Thus, in order to avoid confusion, putting a @code{end$} at the last
                     62: line of the input file is strongly recommended.
                     63: \E
1.1       noro       64: @end itemize
                     65:
                     66: @example
                     67: [6] quit;
                     68: %
                     69: @end example
                     70:
                     71: @table @t
1.2       noro       72: \JP @item $B;2>H(B
                     73: \EG @item References
1.1       noro       74: @fref{load}.
                     75: @end table
                     76:
1.2       noro       77: \JP @node load,,, $BF~=PNO(B
                     78: \EG @node load,,, Inputs and Outputs
1.1       noro       79: @subsection @code{load}
                     80: @findex load
                     81:
                     82: @table @t
                     83: @item load("@var{filename}")
1.2       noro       84: \JP :: @var{filename} $B$rFI$_9~$`(B.
1.3     ! noro       85: \EG :: Reads a program file @var{filename}.
1.1       noro       86: @end table
                     87:
                     88: @table @var
                     89: @item return
                     90: (1|0)
                     91: @item filename
1.2       noro       92: \JP $B%U%!%$%kL>(B ($B%Q%9L>(B)
                     93: \EG file (path) name
1.1       noro       94: @end table
                     95:
                     96: @itemize @bullet
1.2       noro       97: \BJP
1.1       noro       98: @item
                     99: $B<B:]$N%W%m%0%i%`$N=q$-J}$O(B, @xref{$B%f!<%68@8l(B Asir}.
                    100:  $B%F%-%9%H%U%!%$%k$rFI$_9~$`>l9g(B, @code{cpp}
                    101: $B$rDL$9$N$G(B, C $B$N%W%m%0%i%`F1MM(B @code{#include}, @code{#define} $B$r;H$&$3$H$,$G$-$k(B.
                    102: @item
                    103: $B;XDj$7$?%U%!%$%k$,B8:_$7$?;~$K$O(B 1 $B$rJV$7(B, $BB8:_$7$J$+$C$?;~$O(B 0 $B$rJV$9(B.
                    104: @item
                    105: $B%U%!%$%kL>$,(B @samp{/} $B$G;O$^$k>l9g$O@dBP%Q%9(B, @samp{.} $B$G;O$^$k>l9g$O(B
                    106: $B%+%l%s%H%G%#%l%/%H%j$+$i$NAjBP%Q%9$H8+$J$5$l$k(B. $B$=$l0J30$N>l9g(B,
                    107: $B4D6-JQ?t(B @code{ASIRLOADPATH} $B$K@_Dj$5$l$F$$$k%G%#%l%/%H%j$r:8$+$i=g$K(B
                    108: $B%5!<%A$9$k(B. $B$=$l$i$K3:Ev$9$k%U%!%$%k$,B8:_$7$J$$>l9g(B, $BI8=`%i%$%V%i%j(B
                    109: $B%G%#%l%/%H%j(B ($B$"$k$$$O4D6-JQ?t(B @code{ASIR_LIBDIR} $B$K@_Dj$5$l$F$$$k(B
                    110: $B%G%#%l%/%H%j(B) $B$b%5!<%A$9$k(B.
1.2       noro      111: Windows $BHG$N>l9g(B, @code{ASIR_LIBDIR} $B$,@_Dj$5$l$F$$$J$$>l9g$K$O(B,
                    112: @code{get_rootdir()/lib} $B$r%5!<%A$9$k(B.
1.1       noro      113: @item
                    114: $BFI$_9~$`%U%!%$%k$N:G8e$K(B, @code{end$} $B$,$J$$$H(B @code{load()}
                    115: $B=*N;8e$K%W%m%s%W%H$,$G$J$$$,(B, $B<B:]$K$OF~NO$r<u$1IU$1$k(B. $B$7$+$7(B,
                    116: $B:.Mp$r>7$/$*$=$l$,$"$k$N$G%U%!%$%k$N:G8e$K(B @code{end$} $B$r=q$$$F$*$/$3$H(B
                    117: $B$,K>$^$7$$(B. (@code{end;} $B$G$b$h$$$,(B, @code{end} $B$,JV$9CM(B 0 $B$,I=<($5$l$k(B
                    118: $B$?$a(B, @code{end$} $B$r$*4+$a$9$k(B. )
                    119: @item
                    120: Windows $BHG$b%G%#%l%/%H%j$N%;%Q%l!<%?$H$7$F(B @samp{/} $B$rMQ$$$k(B.
1.2       noro      121: \E
                    122: \BEG
                    123: @item
                    124: @xref{User language Asir} for practical programming.
                    125: Since text files are read through @code{cpp},
                    126: the user can use, as in C programs, @code{#include} and @code{#define}
                    127: in @b{Asir} program source codes.
                    128: @item
                    129: It returns 1 if the designated file exists, 0 otherwise.
                    130: @item
                    131: If the @var{filename} begins with @samp{/}, it is understood as an
                    132: absolute path name; with  @samp{.}, relative path name from current
                    133: directory; otherwise, the file is searched first from directories
                    134: assigned to an environmental variable @code{ASIRLOADPATH}, then
                    135: if the search ends up in failure, the standard library directory
                    136: (or directories assigned to @code{ASIR_LIBDIR}) shall be searched.
                    137: On Windows, @code{get_rootdir()/lib} is searched if
                    138: @code{ASIR_LIBDIR} is not set.
                    139: @item
                    140: We recommend to write an @code{end} command at the last line of
                    141: your program.  If not, @b{Asir} will not give you a prompt after it
                    142: will have executed @code{load} command.
                    143: (Escape with an interrupt character (@pxref{Interruption}),
                    144: if you have lost yourself.)
                    145: Even in such a situation,
                    146: @b{Asir} itself is still ready to read keyboard inputs as usual.
                    147: It is, however, embarrassing and may cause other errors.
                    148: Therefore, to put an @code{end$} at the last line is desirable.
                    149: (Command @code{end;} will work as well,
                    150: but it also returns and displays verbose.)
                    151: @item
                    152: On Windows one has to use @samp{/} as the separator of directory names.
                    153: \E
1.1       noro      154: @end itemize
                    155:
                    156: @table @t
1.2       noro      157: \JP @item $B;2>H(B
                    158: \EG @item References
1.1       noro      159: @fref{end quit}, @fref{which}, @fref{get_rootdir}.
                    160: @end table
                    161:
1.2       noro      162: \JP @node which,,, $BF~=PNO(B
                    163: \EG @node which,,, Inputs and Outputs
1.1       noro      164: @subsection @code{which}
                    165: @findex which
                    166:
                    167: @table @t
                    168: @item which("@var{filename}")
1.2       noro      169: \JP :: $B0z?t(B @var{filename} $B$KBP$7(B, @code{load()} $B$,FI$_9~$`%Q%9L>$rJV$9(B.
                    170: \EG :: This returns the path name for the @var{filename} which @code{load()} will read.
1.1       noro      171: @end table
                    172:
                    173: @table @var
                    174: @item return
1.2       noro      175: \JP $B%Q%9L>(B
                    176: \EG path name
1.1       noro      177: @item filename
1.2       noro      178: \JP $B%U%!%$%kL>(B ($B%Q%9L>(B) $B$^$?$O(B 0
                    179: \EG filename (path name) or 0
1.1       noro      180: @end table
                    181:
                    182: @itemize @bullet
1.2       noro      183: \BJP
1.1       noro      184: @item
                    185: @code{load()} $B$,%U%!%$%k$r%5!<%A$9$k<j=g$K=>$C$F%5!<%A$7(B,
                    186: $B%U%!%$%k$,B8:_$9$k>l9g$K$O%Q%9L>$rJ8;zNs$H$7$F(B, $BB8:_$7$J$$>l9g(B
                    187: $B$K$O(B 0 $B$rJV$9(B.
                    188: @item
                    189: $B%5!<%A$N<j=g$K$D$$$F$O(B @code{load()} $B$r;2>H(B.
                    190: @item
                    191: Windows $BHG$b%G%#%l%/%H%j$N%;%Q%l!<%?$H$7$F(B @samp{/} $B$rMQ$$$k(B.
1.2       noro      192: \E
                    193: \BEG
                    194: @item
                    195: This function searches directory trees according to the same procedure
                    196: as @code{load()} will do.  Then, returns a string, the path name to the
                    197: file if the named file exists; 0 unless otherwise.
                    198: @item
                    199: For details of searching procedure,
                    200: refer to the description about @code{load()}.
                    201: @item
                    202: On Windows one has to use @samp{/} as the separator of directory names.
                    203: \E
1.1       noro      204: @end itemize
                    205:
                    206: @example
                    207: [0] which("gr");
                    208: ./gb/gr
                    209: [1] which("/usr/local/lib/gr");
                    210: 0
                    211: [2] which("/usr/local/lib/asir/gr");
                    212: /usr/local/lib/asir/gr
                    213: @end example
                    214:
                    215: @table @t
1.2       noro      216: \JP @item $B;2>H(B
                    217: \EG @item References
1.1       noro      218: @fref{load}.
                    219: @end table
                    220:
1.2       noro      221: \JP @node output,,, $BF~=PNO(B
                    222: \EG @node output,,, Inputs and Outputs
1.1       noro      223: @subsection @code{output}
                    224: @findex output
                    225:
                    226: @table @t
                    227: @item output(["@var{filename}"])
1.2       noro      228: \JP :: $B0J9_$N=PNO@h$r(B @var{filename}$B$^$?$OI8=`=PNO$K@ZBX$($k(B.
                    229: \EG :: Writes the return values and prompt onto file @var{filename}.
1.1       noro      230: @end table
                    231:
                    232: @table @var
                    233: @item return
                    234: 1
                    235: @item filename
1.2       noro      236: \JP $B%U%!%$%kL>(B
                    237: \EG filename
1.1       noro      238: @end table
                    239:
                    240: @itemize @bullet
1.2       noro      241: \BJP
1.1       noro      242: @item
                    243: @b{Asir} $B$N=PNO$rI8=`=PNO$+$i(B, $B%U%!%$%k$X$N=PNO$K@ZBX$($k(B.
                    244: $B$J$*(B, $B%U%!%$%k=PNO$N4V$O(B, $BI8=`=PNO$K$O%-!<%\!<%I$+$i$NF~NO0J30(B,
                    245: $B=PNO$5$l$J$$(B.
                    246: @item
                    247: $BJL$N%U%!%$%k=PNO$K@ZBX$($k;~$K$O(B, $B:F$S(B @code{output("@var{filename}")}
                    248: $B$r<B9T$9$k(B.
                    249: $BKt(B, $B%U%!%$%k=PNO$r=*N;$7I8=`=PNO$KLa$j$?$$;~$K$O(B, $B0z?t$J$7$G(B
                    250: @code{output()} $B$r<B9T$9$k(B.
                    251: @item
                    252: $B;XDj$7$?%U%!%$%k(B @var{filename} $B$,B8:_$7$?;~$O(B, $B$=$N%U%!%$%k$NKvHx$K(B
                    253: $BDI=q$-$5$l(B, $BB8:_$7$J$+$C$?;~$K$O(B, $B?7$?$K%U%!%$%k$r:n@.$7(B, $B$=$3$K=q$-9~$^$l$k(B.
                    254: @item
                    255: $B%U%!%$%k%M!<%`$r(B "" $B%@%V%k%/%)!<%H$J$7$G;XDj$r$7$?$j(B,
                    256: $B%f!<%6$,(B, $B=q$-9~$a$J$$%U%!%$%k$r;XDj$7$?$j$9$k$H(B,
                    257: $B%(%i!<$K$h$j%H%C%W%l%Y%k$KLa$k(B.
                    258: @item
                    259: $BF~NO$7$?$b$N$b9~$a$F%U%!%$%k$K=PNO$7$?$$>l9g$K$O(B, @code{ctrl("echo",1)}
                    260: $B$r<B9T$7$?8e$G%U%!%$%k=PNO$K@ZBX$($l$PNI$$(B.
                    261: @item
                    262: $B7W;;;~4V$J$I(B, $BI8=`%(%i!<=PNO$K=q$-=P$5$l$k$b$N$O%U%!%$%k$K$O=q$-=P$5$l$J$$(B.
                    263: @item
                    264: $BH!?t7A<0(B, $BL$Dj78?t(B (@code{vtype()} $B;2>H(B) $B$r4^$^$J$$?t<0$N%U%!%$%k$X$NFI$_=q$-$O(B,
                    265: @code{bload()}, @code{bsave()} $B$r;H$&$N$,(B, $B;~4V(B, $B6u4V$H$b$K8zN($,$h$$(B.
                    266: @item
                    267: Windows $BHG$b%G%#%l%/%H%j$N%;%Q%l!<%?$H$7$F(B @samp{/} $B$rMQ$$$k(B.
1.2       noro      268: \E
                    269: \BEG
                    270: @item
                    271: Standard output stream of @b{Asir} is redirected to the specified file.
                    272: While @b{Asir} is writing its outputs onto a file, no outputs, except for
                    273: keyboard inputs and some of error messages, are written onto the standard
                    274: output. (You cannot see the result on the display.)
                    275: @item
                    276: To direct the @b{Asir} outputs to the standard output, issue the command
                    277: without argument, i.e., @code{output()}.
                    278: @item
                    279: If the specified file already exists, new outputs will be added to the
                    280: tail of the file. If not, a file is newly created and the outputs
                    281: will be written onto the file.
                    282: @item
                    283: When file name is specified without double quotes (@code{""}), or
                    284: when protected file is specified, an error occurs and the system returns
                    285: to the top level.
                    286: @item
                    287: If you want to write inputs from the key board onto the file as well
                    288: as @b{Asir} outputs, put command @code{ctrl("echo",1)}, and then
                    289: redirect the standard output to your desired file.
                    290: @item
                    291: Contents which are written onto the standard error output, CPU time etc.,
                    292: are not written onto the file.
                    293: @item
                    294: Reading and writing algebraic expressions which contain neither
                    295: functional forms nor unknown coefficients (@code{vtype()} References)
                    296: are performed more efficiently, with respect to both time and space,
                    297: by @code{bload()} and  @code{bsave()}.
                    298: @item
                    299: On Windows one has to use @samp{/} as the separator of directory names.
                    300: \E
1.1       noro      301: @end itemize
                    302:
                    303: @example
                    304: [83] output("afo");
                    305: fctr(x^2-y^2);
                    306: print("afo");
                    307: output();
                    308: 1
                    309: [87] quit;
                    310: % cat afo
                    311: 1
                    312: [84] [[1,1],[x+y,1],[x-y,1]]
                    313: [85] afo
                    314: 0
                    315: [86]
                    316: @end example
                    317:
                    318: @table @t
1.2       noro      319: \JP @item $B;2>H(B
                    320: \EG @item References
1.1       noro      321: @fref{ctrl}, @fref{bsave bload}.
                    322: @end table
                    323:
1.2       noro      324: \JP @node bsave bload,,, $BF~=PNO(B
                    325: \EG @node bsave bload,,, Inputs and Outputs
1.1       noro      326: @subsection @code{bsave}, @code{bload}
                    327: @findex bsave
                    328: @findex bload
                    329:
                    330: @table @t
                    331: @item bsave(@var{obj},"@var{filename}")
1.2       noro      332: \JP :: @var{filename} $B$K(B @var{obj} $B$r%P%$%J%j7A<0$G=q$-9~$`(B.
                    333: \EG :: This function writes @var{obj} onto @var{filename} in binary form.
1.1       noro      334: @item bsave("@var{filename}")
1.2       noro      335: \JP :: @var{filename} $B$+$i?t<0$r%P%$%J%j7A<0$GFI$_9~$`(B.
                    336: \EG :: This function reads an expression from @var{filename} in binary form.
1.1       noro      337: @end table
                    338:
                    339: @table @var
                    340: @item return
1.2       noro      341: \JP @code{bsave()} : 1, @code{bload()} : $BFI$_9~$s$@?t<0(B
                    342: \EG @code{bsave()} : 1, @code{bload()} : the expression read
1.1       noro      343: @item obj
1.2       noro      344: \JP $BH!?t7A<0(B, $BL$Dj78?t$r4^$^$J$$G$0U$N?t<0(B
                    345: \BEG
                    346: arbitrary expression which does not contain neither function forms
                    347: nor unknown coefficients.
                    348: \E
1.1       noro      349: @item filename
1.2       noro      350: \JP $B%U%!%$%kL>(B
                    351: \EG filename
1.1       noro      352: @end table
                    353:
                    354: @itemize @bullet
1.2       noro      355: \BJP
1.1       noro      356: @item
                    357: @code{bsave()} $B$OFbIt7A<0$r$[$\$=$N$^$^%P%$%J%j7A<0$G%U%!%$%k$K=q$-9~$`(B.
                    358: @code{bload()} $B$O(B, @code{bsave()} $B$G=q$-9~$s$@?t<0$rFI$_9~$s$GFbIt7A<0(B
                    359: $B$KJQ49$9$k(B. $B8=:_$N%$%s%W%j%a%s%F!<%7%g%s$N@)8B$K$h$j(B, $BH!?t7A<0(B, $BL$Dj78?t(B
                    360: (@code{vtype()} $B;2>H(B) $B$r4^$^$J$$%j%9%H(B, $BG[Ns$J$I$r4^$`G$0U$N?t<0$r%U%!(B
                    361: $B%$%k$KJ]B8$9$k$3$H$,$G$-$k(B.
                    362: @item
                    363: @code{output()} $B$J$I$GJ]B8$7$?>l9g(B, $BFI$_9~$_;~$K%Q!<%6$,5/F0$5$l$k$,(B,
                    364: @code{bsave()} $B$GJ]B8$7$?$b$N$r(B @code{bload()} $B$GFI$`>l9g(B, $BD>@\(B
                    365: $BFbIt7A<0$,9=@.$G$-$k$?$a(B, $B;~4VE*(B, $B6u4VE*$K8zN($,$h$$(B.
                    366: @item
                    367: $BB?9`<0$N>l9g(B, $B=q$-9~$_;~$HFI$_9~$_;~$GJQ?t=g=x$,0[$J$k>l9g$,$"$k$,(B,
                    368: $B$=$N>l9g$K$O(B, $B<+F0E*$K8=:_$NJQ?t=g=x$K$*$1$kFbIt7A<0$KJQ49$5$l$k(B.
                    369: @item
                    370: Windows $BHG$b%G%#%l%/%H%j$N%;%Q%l!<%?$H$7$F(B @samp{/} $B$rMQ$$$k(B.
1.2       noro      371: \E
                    372: \BEG
                    373: @item
                    374: Function @code{bsave()} writes an object onto a file in its internal
                    375: form (not exact internal form but very similar).
                    376: Function @code{bload()} read the expression from files
                    377: which is written by @code{bsave()}.
                    378: Current implementation support arbitrary expressions, including
                    379: lists, arrays (i.e., vectors and matrices), except for function forms
                    380: and unknown coefficients (@code{vtype()} References.)
                    381: @item
                    382: The parser is activated to retrieve expressions written by
                    383: @code{output()} , whereas internal forms are directly reconstructed
                    384: by @code{bload()} from the @code{bsave()}'ed object in the file.
                    385: The latter is much more efficient with respect to both time and space.
                    386: @item
                    387: It may happen that the variable ordering at reading is changed from
                    388: that at writing.  In such a case, the variable ordering in the internal
                    389: expression is automatically rearranged according to the current
                    390: variable ordering.
                    391: @item
                    392: On Windows one has to use @samp{/} as the separator of directory names.
                    393: \E
1.1       noro      394: @end itemize
                    395:
                    396: @example
                    397: [0] A=(x+y+z+u+v+w)^20$
                    398: [1] bsave(A,"afo");
                    399: 1
                    400: [2] B = bload("afo")$
                    401: [3] A == B;
                    402: 1
                    403: [4] X=(x+y)^2;
                    404: x^2+2*y*x+y^2
                    405: [5] bsave(X,"afo")$
                    406: [6] quit;
                    407: % asir
                    408: [0] ord([y,x])$
                    409: [1] bload("afo");
                    410: y^2+2*x*y+x^2
                    411: @end example
                    412:
                    413: @table @t
1.2       noro      414: \JP @item $B;2>H(B
                    415: \EG @item References
1.1       noro      416: @fref{output}.
                    417: @end table
                    418:
1.2       noro      419: \JP @node bload27,,, $BF~=PNO(B
                    420: \EG @node bload27,,, Inputs and Outputs
1.1       noro      421: @subsection @code{bload27}
                    422: @findex bload27
                    423:
                    424: @table @t
                    425: @item xxx(@var{filename})
1.2       noro      426: \JP :: $B5lHG$G:n$i$l$?(B bsave file $B$NFI$_9~$_(B
                    427: \EG :: Reads bsaved file created by older version of @b{Asir}.
1.1       noro      428: @end table
                    429:
                    430: @table @var
                    431: @item return
1.2       noro      432: \JP $BFI$_9~$s$@?t<0(B
                    433: \EG expression read
1.1       noro      434: @item filename
1.2       noro      435: \JP $B%U%!%$%kL>(B
                    436: \EG filename
1.1       noro      437: @end table
                    438:
                    439: @itemize @bullet
1.2       noro      440: \BJP
1.1       noro      441: @item
                    442: $B5lHG$G$O(B, $BB?G\D9@0?t$,(B, 1 $B%o!<%I(B 27 bit $B$GI=8=$5$l$F$$$?$,(B, $B?7HG$G$O(B 1 $B%o!<%I(B 32 bit
                    443: $B$KJQ99$5$l$?(B. $B$3$N$?$a(B, $B5lHG$G(B @code{bsave} $B$5$l$?%P%$%J%j%U%!%$%k$O$=$N$^$^$G$O(B
                    444: $BFI$_9~$a$J$$(B. $B$3$N$h$&$J%U%!%$%k$rFI$_9~$`$?$a$K(B @code{bload27} $B$rMQ$$$k(B.
                    445: @item
                    446: Windows $BHG$b%G%#%l%/%H%j$N%;%Q%l!<%?$H$7$F(B @samp{/} $B$rMQ$$$k(B.
1.2       noro      447: \E
                    448: \BEG
                    449: @item
                    450: In older versions an arbitrary precision integer is represented as
                    451: an array of 27bit integers. In the current version it is represented
                    452: as an array of 32bit integers. By this incompatibility the bsaved
                    453: file created by older versions cannot be read in the current version
                    454: by @code{bload}.
                    455: @code{bload27} is used to read such files.
                    456: @item
                    457: On Windows one has to use @samp{/} as the separator of directory names.
                    458: \E
1.1       noro      459: @end itemize
                    460:
                    461: @table @t
1.2       noro      462: \JP @item $B;2>H(B
                    463: \EG @item References
1.1       noro      464: @fref{bsave bload}.
                    465: @end table
                    466:
1.2       noro      467: \JP @node print,,, $BF~=PNO(B
                    468: \EG @node print,,, Inputs and Outputs
1.1       noro      469: @subsection @code{print}
                    470: @findex print
                    471:
                    472: @table @t
                    473: @item print(@var{obj} [,@var{nl}])
1.2       noro      474: \JP :: @var{obj} $B$rI=<($9$k(B.
                    475: \EG :: Displays (or outputs) @var{obj}.
1.1       noro      476: @end table
                    477:
                    478: @table @var
                    479: @item return
                    480: 0
                    481: @item obj
1.2       noro      482: \JP $BG$0U(B
                    483: \EG arbitrary
1.1       noro      484: @item nl
1.2       noro      485: \JP $B%U%i%0(B ($BG$0U(B)
                    486: \EG flag (arbitrary)
1.1       noro      487: @end table
                    488:
                    489: @itemize @bullet
1.2       noro      490: \BJP
1.1       noro      491: @item
                    492: @var{obj} $B$rI>2A$7$FI=<($9$k(B.
                    493: @item
                    494: $BBh(B 2 $B0z?t$,$J$$$+(B, $B$^$?$O(B 0, 2 $B0J30$N>l9g(B, $B2~9T$9$k(B.
                    495: $BBh(B 2 $B0z?t$,(B 1 $B$N>l9g(B, $B2~9T$;$:(B, $B=PNO$O%P%C%U%!$K=q$-9~$^$l(B,
                    496: $B%P%C%U%!$O%U%i%C%7%e$5$l$J$$(B.
                    497: $BBh(B 2 $B0z?t$,(B 2 $B$N>l9g(B, $B2~9T$7$J$$$,%P%C%U%!$O%U%i%C%7%e$5$l$k(B.
                    498: @item
                    499: $B$3$NH!?t$NLa$jCM$O(B 0 $B$G$"$k$+$i(B, @code{print();}
                    500: $B$G<B9T$9$k$H(B, $B=PNO$N8e$K(B 0 $B$,JV$5$l$k(B.
                    501: @code{print()$} $B$H$9$l$P(B, $B:G8e$N(B 0 $B$O=PNO$5$l$J$$(B.
                    502: @item
                    503: $BJ#?t$N(B @var{obj} $B$rF1;~$K=PNO$7$?$$;~$O(B @var{obj} $B$r%j%9%H$K$9$k$H$h$$(B.
1.2       noro      504: \E
                    505: \BEG
                    506: @item
                    507: Displays (or outputs) @var{obj}.
                    508: @item
                    509: It normally adds linefeed code to cause the cursor moving to the next
                    510: line.  If 0 or 2 is given as the second argument, it does not add a linefeed.
                    511: If the second argument is 0, the output is simply written in the buffer.
                    512: If the second argument is 2, the output is flushed.
                    513: @item
                    514: The return value of this function is 0.
                    515: If command @code{print(@var{rat});} is performed at the top level,
                    516: first the value of @var{rat} will be printed,
                    517: followed by a linefeed, followed by a 0 which is the value of the
                    518: function and followed by a linefeed and the next prompt.
                    519: (If the command is terminated by a `$', e.g., @code{print(@var{rat})$},
                    520: The last 0 will not be printed. )
                    521: @item
                    522: Formatted outputs are not currently supported.
                    523: If one wishes to output multiple objects by a single @code{print()} command,
                    524: use list like @code{[@var{obj1,...}]}, which is not so beautiful, but
                    525: convenient to minimize programming efforts.
                    526: \E
1.1       noro      527: @end itemize
                    528:
                    529: @example
                    530: [8] def cat(L) @{ while ( L != [] ) @{ print(car(L),0); L = cdr(L);@} print(""); @}
                    531: [9] cat([xyz,123,"gahaha"])$
                    532: xyz123gahaha
                    533: @end example
                    534:
1.3     ! noro      535: \JP @node open_file close_file get_line,,, $BF~=PNO(B
        !           536: \EG @node open_file close_file get_line,,, Inputs and Outputs
        !           537: @subsection @code{open_file}, @code{close_file}, @code{get_line}
        !           538: @findex open_file
        !           539: @findex close_file
        !           540: @findex get_line
        !           541:
        !           542: @table @t
        !           543: @item open_file("@var{filename}")
        !           544: \JP :: @var{filename} $B$rFI$_=P$7MQ$K%*!<%W%s$9$k(B.
        !           545: \EG :: Opens @var{filename} for reading.
        !           546: @item close_file(@var{num})
        !           547: \JP :: $B<1JL;R(B @var{num} $B$N%U%!%$%k$r%/%m!<%:$9$k(B.
        !           548: \EG :: Closes the file indicated by a descriptor @var{num}.
        !           549: @item get_line(@var{num})
        !           550: \JP :: $B<1JL;R(B @var{num} $B$N%U%!%$%k$+$i(B 1 $B9TFI$`(B.
        !           551: \EG :: Reads a line from the file indicated by a descriptor @var{num}.
        !           552: @end table
        !           553:
        !           554: @table @var
        !           555: @item return
        !           556: \JP @code{open_file()} : $B@0?t(B ($B<1JL;R(B); @code{close_file()} : 1; @code{get_line()} : $BJ8;zNs(B
        !           557: \EG @code{open_file()} : integer (fild id); @code{close_file()} : 1; @code{get_line()} : string
        !           558: @item filename
        !           559: \JP $B%U%!%$%kL>(B ($B%Q%9L>(B)
        !           560: \EG file (path) name
        !           561: @item num
        !           562: \JP $BHsIi@0?t(B ($B%U%!%$%k<1JL;R(B)
        !           563: \EG non-negative integer (file descriptor)
        !           564: @end table
        !           565:
        !           566: @itemize @bullet
        !           567: \BJP
        !           568: @item @code{open_file()} $B$OFI$_=P$7MQ$K%U%!%$%k$r%*!<%W%s$9$k(B. $B@.8y$7$?(B
        !           569: $B>l9g(B, $B%U%!%$%k<1JL;R$H$7$FHsIi@0?t$rJV$9(B. $B<:GT$N>l9g%(%i!<$H$J$k(B.
        !           570: $BITMW$K$J$C$?%U%!%$%k$O(B @code{close_file()} $B$G%/%m!<%:$9$k(B.
        !           571: @item @code{get_line()} $B$O8=:_%*!<%W%s$7$F$$$k%U%!%$%k$+$i(B 1 $B9TFI$_(B,
        !           572: $BJ8;zNs$H$7$FJV$9(B.
        !           573: @item $B%U%!%$%k$N=*$j$^$GFI$s$@8e$K(B @code{get_line()} $B$,8F$P$l$?>l9g(B,
        !           574: $B@0?t$N(B 0 $B$rJV$9(B.
        !           575: @item $BFI$_=P$7$?J8;zNs$O(B, $BI,MW$,$"$l$P(B @code{sub_str()} $B$J$I$NJ8;zNs=hM}(B
        !           576: $B4X?t$G2C9)$7$?$N$A(B @code{eval_str()} $B$K$h$jFbIt7A<0$KJQ49$G$-$k(B.
        !           577: \E
        !           578: \BEG
        !           579: @item @code{open_file()} opens a file for reading.
        !           580: If successful, it returns a non-negative integer as the file descriptor.
        !           581: Otherwise the system error function is called.
        !           582: Unnecessary files should be closed by @code{close_file()}.
        !           583: @item @code{get_line()} reads a line from an opened file and returns the
        !           584: line as a string.
        !           585: @item A @code{get_line()} call after reading the end of file returns
        !           586: an integer 0.
        !           587: @item Strings can be converted into internal forms with string manipulation
        !           588: functions such as @code{sub_str()}, @code{eval_str()}.
        !           589: \E
        !           590: @end itemize
        !           591:
        !           592: @example
        !           593: [185] Id = open_file("test");
        !           594: 0
        !           595: [186] get_line(Id);
        !           596: 12345
        !           597:
        !           598: [187] get_line(Id);
        !           599: 67890
        !           600:
        !           601: [188] get_line(Id);
        !           602: 0
        !           603: [189] type(@@@@);
        !           604: 0
        !           605: @end example
        !           606:
        !           607: @table @t
        !           608: \JP @item $B;2>H(B
        !           609: \EG @item References
        !           610: @fref{eval_str}, @fref{str_len str_chr sub_str}.
        !           611: @end table