Annotation of OpenXM/src/asir-doc/parts/type.texi, Revision 1.14
1.14 ! noro 1: @comment $OpenXM: OpenXM/src/asir-doc/parts/type.texi,v 1.13 2007/02/15 02:41:38 noro Exp $
1.3 noro 2: \BJP
1.1 noro 3: @node $B7?(B,,, Top
4: @chapter $B7?(B
1.3 noro 5: \E
6: \BEG
7: @node Data types,,, Top
8: @chapter Data types
9: \E
1.1 noro 10:
11: @menu
1.3 noro 12: \BJP
1.1 noro 13: * Asir $B$G;HMQ2DG=$J7?(B::
14: * $B?t$N7?(B::
15: * $BITDj85$N7?(B::
1.3 noro 16: \E
17: \BEG
18: * Types in Asir::
19: * Types of numbers::
20: * Types of indeterminates::
21: \E
1.1 noro 22: @end menu
23:
1.3 noro 24: \BJP
1.1 noro 25: @node Asir $B$G;HMQ2DG=$J7?(B,,, $B7?(B
26: @section @b{Asir} $B$G;HMQ2DG=$J7?(B
1.3 noro 27: \E
28: \BEG
29: @node Types in Asir,,, Data types
30: @section Types in @b{Asir}
31: \E
1.1 noro 32:
33: @noindent
1.3 noro 34: \BJP
1.1 noro 35: @b{Asir} $B$K$*$$$F$O(B, $B2DFI$J7A<0$GF~NO$5$l$?$5$^$6$^$JBP>]$O(B, $B%Q!<%6$K$h$j(B
36: $BCf4V8@8l$KJQ49$5$l(B, $B%$%s%?%W%j%?$K$h$j(B @b{Risa} $B$N7W;;%(%s%8%s$r8F$S=P$7(B
37: $B$J$,$iFbIt7A<0$KJQ49$5$l$k(B. $BJQ49$5$l$?BP>]$O(B, $B<!$N$$$:$l$+$N7?$r;}$D(B.
38: $B3FHV9f$O(B, $BAH$_9~$_H!?t(B @code{type()} $B$K$h$jJV$5$l$kCM$KBP1~$7$F$$$k(B.
39: $B3FNc$O(B, @b{Asir} $B$N%W%m%s%W%H$KBP$9$kF~NO$,2DG=$J7A<0$N$$$/$D$+$r(B
40: $B<($9(B.
1.3 noro 41: \E
42: \BEG
43: In @b{Asir}, various objects described according to the syntax of
44: @b{Asir} are translated to intermediate forms and by @b{Asir}
45: interpreter further translated into internal forms with the help of
46: basic algebraic engine. Such an object in an internal form has one of
47: the following types listed below.
48: In the list, the number coincides with the value returned by the
49: built-in function @code{type()}.
50: Each example shows possible forms of inputs for @b{Asir}'s prompt.
51: \E
1.1 noro 52:
53: @table @code
1.2 noro 54: @item 0 @b{0}
1.5 noro 55: @*
1.3 noro 56: \BJP
1.1 noro 57: $B<B:]$K$O(B 0 $B$r<1JL;R$K$b$DBP>]$OB8:_$7$J$$(B. 0 $B$O(B, C $B$K$*$1$k(B 0 $B%]%$%s%?$K(B
58: $B$h$jI=8=$5$l$F$$$k(B. $B$7$+$7(B, $BJX59>e(B @b{Asir} $B$N(B @code{type(0)} $B$O(B
59: $BCM(B 0 $B$rJV$9(B.
1.3 noro 60: \E
61: \BEG
62: As a matter of fact, no object exists that has 0 as its identification
63: number. The number 0 is implemented as a null (0) pointer of C language.
64: For convenience's sake, a 0 is returned for the input @code{type(0)}.
65: \E
1.1 noro 66:
1.3 noro 67: \JP @item 1 @b{$B?t(B}
68: \EG @item 1 @b{number}
1.1 noro 69:
70: @example
71: 1 2/3 14.5 3+2*@@i
72: @end example
73:
1.3 noro 74: \JP $B?t$O(B, $B$5$i$K$$$/$D$+$N7?$KJ,$1$i$l$k(B. $B$3$l$K$D$$$F$O2<$G=R$Y$k(B.
75: \EG Numbers have sub-types. @xref{Types of numbers}.
1.1 noro 76:
1.3 noro 77: \JP @item 2 @b{$BB?9`<0(B} ($B?t$G$J$$(B)
78: \EG @item 2 @b{polynomial} (but not a number)
1.1 noro 79:
80: @example
81: x afo (2.3*x+y)^10
82: @end example
83:
1.3 noro 84: \BJP
1.1 noro 85: $BB?9`<0$O(B, $BA4$FE83+$5$l(B, $B$=$N;~E@$K$*$1$kJQ?t=g=x$K=>$C$F(B, $B:F5"E*$K(B
1.9 noro 86: 1 $BJQ?tB?9`<0$H$7$F9_QQ$N=g$K@0M}$5$l$k(B. (@xref{$BJ,;6I=8=B?9`<0(B}.)
1.1 noro 87: $B$3$N;~(B, $B$=$NB?9`<0$K8=$l$k=g=x:GBg$NJQ?t$r(B @b{$B<gJQ?t(B} $B$H8F$V(B.
1.3 noro 88: \E
89: \BEG
90: Every polynomial is maintained internally in its full expanded form,
91: represented as a nested univariate polynomial, according to the current
92: variable ordering, arranged by the descending order of exponents.
1.9 noro 93: (@xref{Distributed polynomial}.)
1.3 noro 94: In the representation, the indeterminate (or variable), appearing in
95: the polynomial, with maximum ordering is called the @b{main variable}.
96: Moreover, we call the coefficient of the maximum degree term of
97: the polynomial with respect to the main variable the @b{leading coefficient}.
98: \E
1.1 noro 99:
1.3 noro 100: \JP @item 3 @b{$BM-M}<0(B} ($BB?9`<0$G$J$$(B)
101: \EG @item 3 @b{rational expression} (not a polynomial)
1.1 noro 102:
103: @example
104: (x+1)/(y^2-y-x) x/x
105: @end example
106:
1.3 noro 107: \BJP
1.1 noro 108: $BM-M}<0$O(B, $BJ,JlJ,;R$,LsJ,2DG=$G$b(B, $BL@<(E*$K(B @code{red()} $B$,8F$P$l$J$$(B
109: $B8B$jLsJ,$O9T$o$l$J$$(B. $B$3$l$O(B, $BB?9`<0$N(B GCD $B1i;;$,6K$a$F=E$$1i;;$G$"$k(B
110: $B$?$a$G(B, $BM-M}<0$N1i;;$OCm0U$,I,MW$G$"$k(B.
1.3 noro 111: \E
112: \BEG
113: Note that in @b{Risa/Asir} a rational expression is not simplified
114: by reducing the common divisors unless @code{red()} is called
115: explicitly, even if it is possible. This is because the GCD computation
116: of polynomials is a considerably heavy operation. You have to be careful
117: enough in operating rational expressions.
118: \E
1.1 noro 119:
1.3 noro 120: \JP @item 4 @b{$B%j%9%H(B}
121: \EG @item 4 @b{list}
1.1 noro 122:
123: @example
124: [] [1,2,[3,4],[x,y]]
125: @end example
126:
1.3 noro 127: \BJP
1.1 noro 128: $B%j%9%H$OFI$_=P$7@lMQ$G$"$k(B. @code{[]} $B$O6u%j%9%H$r0UL#$9$k(B. $B%j%9%H$KBP$9$k(B
129: $BA`:n$H$7$F$O(B, @code{car()}, @code{cdr()}, @code{cons()} $B$J$I$K$h$kA`:n$NB>$K(B,
130: $BFI$_=P$7@lMQ$NG[Ns$H$_$J$7$F(B, @code{[@var{index}]} $B$rI,MW$J$@$1$D$1$k$3$H$K$h$j(B
131: $BMWAG$N<h$j=P$7$r9T$&$3$H$,$G$-$k(B. $BNc$($P(B
1.3 noro 132: \E
133: \BEG
134: Lists are all read-only object. A null list is specified by @code{[]}.
135: There are operations for lists: @code{car()}, @code{cdr()},
136: @code{cons()} etc. And further more, element referencing by indexing is
137: available. Indexing is done by putting @code{[@var{index}]}'s after a
138: program variable as many as are required.
139: For example,
140: \E
1.1 noro 141:
142: @example
143: [0] L = [[1,2,3],[4,[5,6]],7]$
144: [1] L[1][1];
145: [5,6]
146: @end example
147:
1.3 noro 148: \BJP
1.1 noro 149: $BCm0U$9$Y$-$3$H$O(B, $B%j%9%H(B, $BG[Ns(B ($B9TNs(B, $B%Y%/%H%k(B) $B6&$K(B, $B%$%s%G%C%/%9$O(B
150: 0 $B$+$i;O$^$k$3$H$H(B, $B%j%9%H$NMWAG$N<h$j=P$7$r%$%s%G%C%/%9$G9T$&$3$H$O(B,
151: $B7k6I$O@hF,$+$i%]%$%s%?$r$?$I$k$3$H$KAjEv$9$k$?$a(B, $BG[Ns$KBP$9$kA`:n$K(B
152: $BHf3S$7$FBg$-$J%j%9%H$G$O;~4V$,$+$+$k>l9g$,$"$k$H$$$&$3$H$G$"$k(B.
1.3 noro 153: \E
154: \BEG
155: Notice that for lists, matrices and vectors, the index begins with
156: number 0. Also notice that referencing list elements is done by
157: following pointers from the first element. Therefore, it sometimes takes
158: much more time to perform referencing operations on a large list than
159: on a vectors or a matrices with the same size.
160: \E
1.1 noro 161:
1.3 noro 162: \JP @item 5 @b{$B%Y%/%H%k(B}
163: \EG @item 5 @b{vector}
1.1 noro 164:
165: @example
166: newvect(3) newvect(2,[a,1])
167: @end example
168:
1.3 noro 169: \BJP
1.1 noro 170: $B%Y%/%H%k$O(B, @code{newvect()} $B$GL@<(E*$K@8@.$9$kI,MW$,$"$k(B. $BA0<T$NNc$G(B
171: $B$O(B2 $B@.J,$N(B 0 $B%Y%/%H%k$,@8@.$5$l(B, $B8e<T$G$O(B, $BBh(B 0 $B@.J,$,(B @code{a}, $BBh(B 1
172: $B@.J,$,(B @code{1} $B$N%Y%/%H%k$,@8@.$5$l$k(B. $B=i4|2=$N$?$a$N(B $BBh(B 2 $B0z?t$O(B, $BBh(B
173: 1 $B0z?t0J2<$ND9$5$N%j%9%H$r<u$1IU$1$k(B. $B%j%9%H$NMWAG$O:8$+$iMQ$$$i$l(B, $BB-(B
174: $B$j$J$$J,$O(B 0 $B$,Jd$o$l$k(B. $B@.J,$O(B @code{[@var{index}]} $B$K$h$j<h$j=P$;$k(B. $B<B:](B
175: $B$K$O(B, $B3F@.J,$K(B, $B%Y%/%H%k(B, $B9TNs(B, $B%j%9%H$r4^$`G$0U$N7?$NBP>]$rBeF~$G$-$k(B
176: $B$N$G(B, $BB?<!85G[Ns$r%Y%/%H%k$GI=8=$9$k$3$H$,$G$-$k(B.
1.3 noro 177: \E
178: \BEG
179: Vector objects are created only by explicit execution of @code{newvect()}
180: command. The first example above creates a null vector object with
181: 3 elements. The other example creates a vector object
182: with 2 elements which is initialized such that its 0-th element
183: is @code{a} and 1st element is @code{1}.
184: The second argument for @code{newvect} is used to initialize
185: elements of the newly created vector. A list with size smaller or equal
186: to the first argument will be accepted. Elements of the initializing
187: list is used from the left to the right. If the list is too short to
188: specify all the vector elements,
189: the unspecified elements are filled with as many 0's as are required.
190: Any vector element is designated by indexing, e.g.,
191: @code{[@var{index}]}.
192: @code{Asir} allows any type, including vector, matrix and list,
193: for each respective element of a vector.
194: As a matter of course, arrays with arbitrary dimensions can be
195: represented by vectors, because each element of a vector can be a vector
196: or matrix itself.
197: An element designator of a vector can be a left value of assignment
198: statement. This implies that an element designator is treated just like
199: a simple program variable.
200: Note that an assignment to the element designator of a vector has effect
201: on the whole value of that vector.
202: \E
1.1 noro 203:
204: @example
205: [0] A3 = newvect(3);
206: [ 0 0 0 ]
207: [1] for (I=0;I<3;I++)A3[I] = newvect(3);
208: [2] for (I=0;I<3;I++)for(J=0;J<3;J++)A3[I][J]=newvect(3);
209: [3] A3;
1.12 noro 210: [ [ [ 0 0 0 ] [ 0 0 0 ] [ 0 0 0 ] ]
211: [ [ 0 0 0 ] [ 0 0 0 ] [ 0 0 0 ] ]
1.4 noro 212: [ [ 0 0 0 ] [ 0 0 0 ] [ 0 0 0 ] ] ]
1.1 noro 213: [4] A3[0];
214: [ [ 0 0 0 ] [ 0 0 0 ] [ 0 0 0 ] ]
215: [5] A3[0][0];
216: [ 0 0 0 ]
217: @end example
218:
1.3 noro 219: \JP @item 6 @b{$B9TNs(B}
220: \EG @item 6 @b{matrix}
1.1 noro 221:
222: @example
223: newmat(2,2) newmat(2,3,[[x,y],[z]])
224: @end example
225:
1.3 noro 226: \BJP
1.1 noro 227: $B9TNs$N@8@.$b(B @code{newmat()} $B$K$h$jL@<(E*$K9T$o$l$k(B. $B=i4|2=$b(B, $B0z?t(B
228: $B$,%j%9%H$N%j%9%H$H$J$k$3$H$r=|$$$F$O%Y%/%H%k$HF1MM$G(B, $B%j%9%H$N3FMWAG(B
229: ($B$3$l$O$^$?%j%9%H$G$"$k(B) $B$O(B, $B3F9T$N=i4|2=$K;H$o$l(B, $BB-$j$J$$ItJ,$K$O(B
230: 0 $B$,Kd$a$i$l$k(B. $B9TNs$b(B, $B3FMWAG$K$OG$0U$NBP>]$rBeF~$G$-$k(B. $B9TNs$N3F(B
231: $B9T$O(B, $B%Y%/%H%k$H$7$F<h$j=P$9$3$H$,$G$-$k(B.
1.3 noro 232: \E
233: \BEG
234: Like vector objects, matrix objects are also created only by explicit
235: execution of @code{newmat()} command. Initialization of the matrix
236: elements are done in a similar manner with that of the vector elements
237: except that the elements are specified by a list of lists. Each element,
238: again a list, is used to initialize each row; if the list is too short
239: to specify all the row elements, unspecified elements are filled with
240: as many 0's as are required.
241: Like vectors, any matrix element is designated by indexing, e.g.,
242: @code{[@var{index}][@var{index}]}.
243: @code{Asir} also allows any type, including vector, matrix and list,
244: for each respective element of a matrix.
245: An element designator of a matrix can also be a left value of assignment
246: statement. This implies that an element designator is treated just like
247: a simple program variable.
248: Note that an assignment to the element designator of a matrix has effect
249: on the whole value of that matrix.
250: Note also that every row, (not column,) of a matrix can be extracted
251: and referred to as a vector.
252: \E
1.1 noro 253:
254: @example
255: [0] M=newmat(2,3);
256: [ 0 0 0 ]
257: [ 0 0 0 ]
258: [1] M[1];
259: [ 0 0 0 ]
260: [2] type(@@@@);
261: 5
262: @end example
263:
1.3 noro 264: \JP @item 7 @b{$BJ8;zNs(B}
265: \EG @item 7 @b{string}
1.1 noro 266:
267: @example
268: "" "afo"
269: @end example
270:
1.3 noro 271: \BJP
1.1 noro 272: $BJ8;zNs$O(B, $B<g$K%U%!%$%kL>$J$I$KMQ$$$i$l$k(B. $BJ8;zNs$KBP$7$F$O2C;;$N$_$,(B
273: $BDj5A$5$l$F$$$F(B, $B7k2L$O(B 2 $B$D$NJ8;zNs$N7k9g$G$"$k(B.
1.3 noro 274: \E
275: \BEG
276: Strings are used mainly for naming files. It is also used for giving
277: comments of the results. Operator symbol @code{+} denote the
278: concatenation operation of two strings.
279: \E
1.1 noro 280:
281: @example
282: [0] "afo"+"take";
283: afotake
284: @end example
1.2 noro 285:
1.3 noro 286: \JP @item 8 @b{$B9=B$BN(B}
287: \EG @item 8 @b{structure}
1.1 noro 288:
289: @example
290: newstruct(afo)
291: @end example
292:
1.6 noro 293: \BJP
294: Asir $B$K$*$1$k9=B$BN$O(B, C $B$K$*$1$k9=B$BN$r4J0W2=$7$?$b$N$G$"$k(B.
295: $B8GDjD9G[Ns$N3F@.J,$rL>A0$G%"%/%;%9$G$-$k%*%V%8%'%/%H$G(B,
296: $B9=B$BNDj5AKh$KL>A0$r$D$1$k(B.
297: \E
298:
299: \BEG
300: The type @b{structure} is a simplified version of that in C language.
301: It is defined as a fixed length array and each entry of the array
302: is accessed by its name. A name is associated with each structure.
303: \E
1.1 noro 304:
1.3 noro 305: \JP @item 9 @b{$BJ,;6I=8=B?9`<0(B}
306: \EG @item 9 @b{distributed polynomial}
1.1 noro 307:
308: @example
309: 2*<<0,1,2,3>>-3*<<1,2,3,4>>
310: @end example
311:
1.3 noro 312: \BJP
1.1 noro 313: $B$3$l$O(B, $B$[$H$s$I%0%l%V%J4pDl@lMQ$N7?$G(B, $BDL>o$N7W;;$G$3$N7?$,I,MW$H(B
314: $B$J$k$3$H$O$^$:$J$$$,(B, $B%0%l%V%J4pDl7W;;%Q%C%1!<%8<+BN$,%f!<%68@8l(B
315: $B$G=q$+$l$F$$$k$?$a(B, $B%f!<%6$,A`:n$G$-$k$h$&FHN)$7$?7?$H$7$F(B @b{Asir}
316: $B$G;HMQ$G$-$k$h$&$K$7$F$"$k(B. $B$3$l$K$D$$$F$O(B @xref{$B%0%l%V%J4pDl$N7W;;(B}.
1.3 noro 317: \E
318: \BEG
319: This is the short for `Distributed representation of polynomials.'
320: This type is specially devised for computation of Groebner bases.
321: Though for ordinary users this type may never be needed, it is provided
322: as a distinguished type that user can operate by @code{Asir}.
323: This is because the Groebner basis package provided with
324: @code{Risa/Asir} is written in the @code{Asir} user language.
325: For details @xref{Groebner basis computation}.
326: \E
327:
328: \JP @item 10 @b{$BId9f$J$7%^%7%s(B 32bit $B@0?t(B}
329: \EG @item 10 @b{32bit unsigned integer}
330:
331: \JP @item 11 @b{$B%(%i!<%*%V%8%'%/%H(B}
332: \EG @item 11 @b{error object}
1.5 noro 333: @*
1.3 noro 334: \JP $B0J>eFs$D$O(B, Open XM $B$K$*$$$FMQ$$$i$l$kFC<l%*%V%8%'%/%H$G$"$k(B.
335: \EG These are special objects used for OpenXM.
1.1 noro 336:
1.3 noro 337: \JP @item 12 @b{GF(2) $B>e$N9TNs(B}
338: \EG @item 12 @b{matrix over GF(2)}
1.5 noro 339: @*
1.3 noro 340: \BJP
1.1 noro 341: $B8=:_(B, $BI8?t(B 2 $B$NM-8BBN$K$*$1$k4pDlJQ49$N$?$a$N%*%V%8%'%/%H$H$7$FMQ$$$i$l(B
342: $B$k(B.
1.3 noro 343: \E
344: \BEG
345: This is used for basis conversion in finite fields of characteristic 2.
346: \E
1.1 noro 347:
1.3 noro 348: \JP @item 13 @b{MATHCAP $B%*%V%8%'%/%H(B}
349: \EG @item 13 @b{MATHCAP object}
1.5 noro 350: @*
1.3 noro 351: \JP Open XM $B$K$*$$$F(B, $B<BAu$5$l$F$$$k5!G=$rAw<u?.$9$k$?$a$N%*%V%8%'%/%H$G$"$k(B.
352: \EG This object is used to express available funcionalities for Open XM.
1.1 noro 353:
1.2 noro 354: @item 14 @b{first order formula}
1.5 noro 355: @*
1.3 noro 356: \JP quantifier elimination $B$GMQ$$$i$l$k0l3,=R8lO@M}<0(B.
357: \EG This expresses a first order formula used in quantifier elimination.
1.7 noro 358:
1.11 noro 359: @item 15 @b{matrix over GF(@var{p})}
1.7 noro 360: @*
361: \JP $B>.I8?tM-8BBN>e$N9TNs(B.
362: \EG A matrix over a small finite field.
363:
364: @item 16 @b{byte array}
365: @*
366: \JP $BId9f$J$7(B byte $B$NG[Ns(B
367: \EG An array of unsigned bytes.
1.2 noro 368:
1.3 noro 369: \JP @item -1 @b{VOID $B%*%V%8%'%/%H(B}
370: \EG @item -1 @b{VOID object}
1.5 noro 371: @*
1.3 noro 372: \JP $B7?<1JL;R(B -1 $B$r$b$D%*%V%8%'%/%H$O4X?t$NLa$jCM$J$I$,L58z$G$"$k$3$H$r<($9(B.
373: \BEG
374: The object with the object identifier -1 indicates that a return value
375: of a function is void.
376: \E
1.1 noro 377: @end table
378:
1.3 noro 379: \BJP
1.1 noro 380: @node $B?t$N7?(B,,, $B7?(B
381: @section $B?t$N7?(B
1.3 noro 382: \E
383: \BEG
384: @node Types of numbers,,, Data types
385: @section Types of numbers
386: \E
1.1 noro 387:
388: @table @code
389: @item 0
1.3 noro 390: \JP @b{$BM-M}?t(B}
391: \EG @b{rational number}
1.5 noro 392: @*
1.3 noro 393: \BJP
1.1 noro 394: $BM-M}?t$O(B, $BG$0UB?G\D9@0?t(B (@b{bignum}) $B$K$h$j<B8=$5$l$F$$$k(B. $BM-M}?t$O>o$K(B
395: $B4{LsJ,?t$GI=8=$5$l$k(B.
1.3 noro 396: \E
397: \BEG
398: Rational numbers are implemented by arbitrary precision integers
399: (@b{bignum}). A rational number is always expressed by a fraction of
400: lowest terms.
401: \E
1.1 noro 402:
403: @item 1
1.3 noro 404: \JP @b{$BG\@:EYIbF0>.?t(B}
405: \EG @b{double precision floating point number (double float)}
1.5 noro 406: @*
1.3 noro 407: \BJP
1.1 noro 408: $B%^%7%s$NDs6!$9$kG\@:EYIbF0>.?t$G$"$k(B. @b{Asir} $B$N5/F0;~$K$O(B,
409: $BDL>o$N7A<0$GF~NO$5$l$?IbF0>.?t$O$3$N7?$KJQ49$5$l$k(B. $B$?$@$7(B,
410: @code{ctrl()} $B$K$h$j(B @b{bigfloat} $B$,A*Br$5$l$F$$$k>l9g$K$O(B
411: @b{bigfloat} $B$KJQ49$5$l$k(B.
1.3 noro 412: \E
413: \BEG
414: The numbers of this type are numbers provided by the computer hardware.
415: By default, when @b{Asir} is started, floating point numbers in a
416: ordinary form are transformed into numbers of this type. However,
417: they will be transformed into @b{bigfloat} numbers
418: when the switch @b{bigfloat} is turned on (enabled) by @code{ctrl()}
419: command.
420: \E
1.1 noro 421:
422: @example
423: [0] 1.2;
424: 1.2
425: [1] 1.2e-1000;
426: 0
427: [2] ctrl("bigfloat",1);
428: 1
429: [3] 1.2e-1000;
430: 1.20000000000000000513 E-1000
431: @end example
432:
1.3 noro 433: \BJP
1.1 noro 434: $BG\@:EYIbF0>.?t$HM-M}?t$N1i;;$O(B, $BM-M}?t$,IbF0>.?t$KJQ49$5$l$F(B,
435: $BIbF0>.?t$H$7$F1i;;$5$l$k(B.
1.3 noro 436: \E
437: \BEG
438: A rational number shall be converted automatically into a double float
439: number before the operation with another double float number and the
440: result shall be computed as a double float number.
441: \E
1.1 noro 442:
443: @item 2
1.3 noro 444: \JP @b{$BBe?tE*?t(B}
445: \EG @b{algebraic number}
1.5 noro 446: @*
1.3 noro 447: \JP @xref{$BBe?tE*?t$K4X$9$k1i;;(B}.
448: \EG @xref{Algebraic numbers}.
1.1 noro 449:
450: @item 3
451: @b{bigfloat}
1.5 noro 452: @*
1.3 noro 453: \BJP
1.14 ! noro 454: @b{bigfloat} $B$O(B, @b{Asir} $B$G$O(B @b{MPFR} $B%i%$%V%i%j$K$h$j(B
! 455: $B<B8=$5$l$F$$$k(B. @b{MPFR} $B$K$*$$$F$O(B, @b{bigfloat} $B$O(B, $B2>?tIt(B
! 456: $B$N$_G$0UB?G\D9$G(B, $B;X?tIt$O(B 64bit $B@0?t$G$"$k(B.
1.1 noro 457: @code{ctrl()} $B$G(B @b{bigfloat} $B$rA*Br$9$k$3$H$K$h$j(B, $B0J8e$NIbF0>.?t(B
458: $B$NF~NO$O(B @b{bigfloat} $B$H$7$F07$o$l$k(B. $B@:EY$O%G%U%)%k%H$G$O(B
1.14 ! noro 459: 10 $B?J(B 9 $B7eDxEY$G$"$k$,(B, @code{setprec()}, @code{setbprec()} $B$K$h$j;XDj2DG=$G$"$k(B.
1.3 noro 460: \E
461: \BEG
1.14 ! noro 462: The @b{bigfloat} numbers of @b{Asir} is realized by @b{MPFR} library.
! 463: A @b{bigfloat} number of @b{MPFR} has an arbitrary precision mantissa
! 464: part. However, its exponent part admits only a 64bit integer.
1.3 noro 465: Floating point operations will be performed all in @b{bigfloat} after
466: activating the @b{bigfloat} switch by @code{ctrl()} command.
1.14 ! noro 467: The default precision is 53 bits (about 15 digits), which can be specified by
! 468: @code{setbprec()} and @code{setprec()} command.
1.3 noro 469: \E
1.1 noro 470:
471: @example
472: [0] ctrl("bigfloat",1);
473: 1
474: [1] eval(2^(1/2));
1.14 ! noro 475: 1.4142135623731
1.1 noro 476: [2] setprec(100);
1.14 ! noro 477: 15
1.1 noro 478: [3] eval(2^(1/2));
1.14 ! noro 479: 1.41421356237309504880168872420969807856967187537694...764157
! 480: [4] setbprec(100);
! 481: 332
! 482: [5] 1.41421356237309504880168872421
1.1 noro 483: @end example
484:
1.3 noro 485: \BJP
1.1 noro 486: @code{eval()} $B$O(B, $B0z?t$K4^$^$l$kH!?tCM$r2DG=$J8B$j?tCM2=$9$kH!?t$G$"$k(B.
1.14 ! noro 487: @code{setbprec()} $B$G;XDj$5$l$?(B2 $B?J7e?t$O(B, $B4]$a%b!<%I$K1~$8$?7k2L$N@:EY$rJ]>Z$9$k(B. @code{setprec()} $B$G;XDj$5$l$k(B10$B?J7e?t$O(B 2 $B?J7e?t$KJQ49$5$l$F@_Dj$5$l$k(B.
! 488:
1.3 noro 489: \E
490: \BEG
491: Function @code{eval()} evaluates numerically its argument as far as
492: possible.
1.14 ! noro 493: Notice that the integer given for the argument of @code{setbprec()}
! 494: guarantees the accuracy of the result according to the current rounding mode.
! 495: The argument of @code{setbprec()} is converted to the corresonding bit length
! 496: and set.
1.3 noro 497: \E
1.14 ! noro 498: (@xref{eval deval}.)
1.1 noro 499:
500: @item 4
1.3 noro 501: \JP @b{$BJ#AG?t(B}
502: \EG @b{complex number}
1.5 noro 503: @*
1.3 noro 504: \BJP
1.1 noro 505: $BJ#AG?t$O(B, $BM-M}?t(B, $BG\@:EYIbF0>.?t(B, @b{bigfloat} $B$r<BIt(B, $B5uIt$H$7$F(B
506: @code{a+b*@@i} (@@i $B$O5u?tC10L(B) $B$H$7$FM?$($i$l$k?t$G$"$k(B. $B<BIt(B, $B5uIt$O(B
507: $B$=$l$>$l(B @code{real()}, @code{imag()} $B$G<h$j=P$;$k(B.
1.3 noro 508: \E
509: \BEG
510: A @b{complex} number of @b{Risa/Asir} is a number with the form
511: @code{a+b*@@i}, where @@i is the unit of imaginary number, and @code{a}
512: and @code{b}
513: are either a @b{rational} number, @b{double float} number or
514: @b{bigfloat} number, respectively.
515: The real part and the imaginary part of a @b{complex} number can be
516: taken out by @code{real()} and @code{imag()} respectively.
517: \E
1.1 noro 518:
519: @item 5
1.3 noro 520: \JP @b{$B>.I8?t$NM-8BAGBN$N85(B}
521: \EG @b{element of a small finite prime field}
1.5 noro 522: @*
1.3 noro 523: \BJP
1.1 noro 524: $B$3$3$G8@$&>.I8?t$H$O(B, $BI8?t$,(B 2^27 $BL$K~$N$b$N$N$3$H$G$"$k(B. $B$3$N$h$&$JM-8B(B
525: $BBN$O(B, $B8=:_$N$H$3$m%0%l%V%J4pDl7W;;$K$*$$$FFbItE*$KMQ$$$i$l(B, $BM-8BBN78?t$N(B
526: $BJ,;6I=8=B?9`<0$N78?t$r<h$j=P$9$3$H$GF@$i$l$k(B. $B$=$l<+?H$OB0$9$kM-8BBN$K4X(B
527: $B$9$k>pJs$O;}$?$:(B, @code{setmod()} $B$G@_Dj$5$l$F$$$kAG?t(B @var{p} $B$rMQ$$$F(B
528: GF(@var{p}) $B>e$G$N1i;;$,E,MQ$5$l$k(B.
1.3 noro 529: \E
530: \BEG
531: Here a small finite fieid means that its characteristic is less than
532: 2^27.
533: At present small finite fields are used mainly
534: for groebner basis computation, and elements in such finite fields
535: can be extracted by taking coefficients of distributed polynomials
536: whose coefficients are in finite fields. Such an element itself does not
537: have any information about the field to which the element belongs, and
538: field operations are executed by using a prime @var{p} which is set by
539: @code{setmod()}.
540: \E
1.1 noro 541:
542: @item 6
1.3 noro 543: \JP @b{$BBgI8?t$NM-8BAGBN$N85(B}
544: \EG @b{element of large finite prime field}
1.5 noro 545: @*
1.3 noro 546: \BJP
1.1 noro 547: $BI8?t$H$7$FG$0U$NAG?t$,$H$l$k(B.
548: $B$3$N7?$N?t$O(B, $B@0?t$KBP$7(B@code{simp_ff} $B$rE,MQ$9$k$3$H$K$h$jF@$i$l$k(B.
1.3 noro 549: \E
550: \BEG
551: This type expresses an element of a finite prime field whose characteristic
552: is an arbitrary prime. An object of this type is obtained by applying
553: @code{simp_ff} to an integer.
554: \E
1.1 noro 555:
556: @item 7
1.3 noro 557: \JP @b{$BI8?t(B 2 $B$NM-8BBN$N85(B}
558: \EG @b{element of a finite field of characteristic 2}
1.5 noro 559: @*
1.3 noro 560: \BJP
1.1 noro 561: $BI8?t(B 2 $B$NG$0U$NM-8BBN$N85$rI=8=$9$k(B. $BI8?t(B 2 $B$NM-8BBN(B F $B$O(B, $B3HBg<!?t(B
562: [F:GF(2)] $B$r(B n $B$H$9$l$P(B, GF(2) $B>e4{Ls$J(B n $B<!B?9`<0(B f(t) $B$K$h$j(B
563: F=GF(2)[t]/(f(t)) $B$H$"$i$o$5$l$k(B. $B$5$i$K(B, GF(2)[t] $B$N85(B g $B$O(B, f(t)
1.3 noro 564: $B$b4^$a$F<+A3$J;EJ}$G%S%C%HNs$H$_$J$5$l$k$?$a(B, $B7A<0>e$O(B, F $B$N85(B
1.1 noro 565: g mod f $B$O(B, g, f $B$r$"$i$o$9(B 2 $B$D$N%S%C%HNs$GI=8=$9$k$3$H$,$G$-$k(B.
1.3 noro 566: \E
567: \BEG
568: This type expresses an element of a finite field of characteristic 2.
1.11 noro 569: Let @var{F} be a finite field of characteristic 2. If [F:GF(2)]
570: is equal to @var{n}, then @var{F} is expressed as F=GF(2)[t]/(f(t)),
571: where f(t) is an irreducible polynomial over GF(2)
1.3 noro 572: of degree @var{n}.
1.11 noro 573: As an element @var{g} of GF(2)[t] can be expressed by a bit string,
1.3 noro 574: An element @var{g mod f} in @var{F} can be expressed by two bit strings
575: representing @var{g} and @var{f} respectively.
576: \E
1.1 noro 577:
1.3 noro 578: \JP F $B$N85$rF~NO$9$k$$$/$D$+$NJ}K!$,MQ0U$5$l$F$$$k(B.
579: \EG Several methods to input an element of @var{F} are provided.
1.1 noro 580:
581: @itemize @bullet
582: @item
583: @code{@@}
1.5 noro 584: @*
1.3 noro 585: \BJP
1.1 noro 586: @code{@@} $B$O$=$N8e$m$K?t;z(B, $BJ8;z$rH<$C$F(B, $B%R%9%H%j$dFC<l$J?t$r$"$i$o$9$,(B,
587: $BC1FH$G8=$l$?>l9g$K$O(B, F=GF(2)[t]/(f(t)) $B$K$*$1$k(B t mod f $B$r$"$i$o$9(B.
588: $B$h$C$F(B, @@ $B$NB?9`<0$H$7$F(B F $B$N85$rF~NO$G$-$k(B. (@@^10+@@+1 $B$J$I(B)
1.3 noro 589: \E
590: \BEG
1.11 noro 591: @code{@@} represents @var{t mod f} in F=GF(2)[t](f(t)).
1.3 noro 592: By using @code{@@} one can input an element of @var{F}. For example
593: @code{@@^10+@@+1} represents an element of @var{F}.
594: \E
1.1 noro 595:
596: @item
597: @code{ptogf2n}
1.5 noro 598: @*
1.3 noro 599: \JP $BG$0UJQ?t$N(B 1 $BJQ?tB?9`<0$r(B, @code{ptogf2n} $B$K$h$jBP1~$9$k(B F $B$N85$KJQ49$9$k(B.
600: \BEG
601: @code{ptogf2n} converts a univariate polynomial into an element of @var{F}.
602: \E
1.1 noro 603:
604: @item
605: @code{ntogf2n}
1.5 noro 606: @*
1.3 noro 607: \BJP
1.1 noro 608: $BG$0U$N<+A3?t$r(B, $B<+A3$J;EJ}$G(B F $B$N85$H$_$J$9(B. $B<+A3?t$H$7$F$O(B, 10 $B?J(B,
609: 16 $B?J(B (0x $B$G;O$^$k(B), 2 $B?J(B (0b $B$G;O$^$k(B) $B$GF~NO$,2DG=$G$"$k(B.
1.3 noro 610: \E
611: \BEG
612: As a bit string, a non-negative integer can be regarded as an element
613: of @var{F}. Note that one can input a non-negative integer in decimal,
614: hexadecimal (@code{0x} prefix) and binary (@code{0b} prefix) formats.
615: \E
1.1 noro 616:
617: @item
1.3 noro 618: \JP @code{$B$=$NB>(B}
619: \EG @code{micellaneous}
1.5 noro 620: @*
1.3 noro 621: \BJP
1.1 noro 622: $BB?9`<0$N78?t$r4]$4$H(B F $B$N85$KJQ49$9$k$h$&$J>l9g(B, @code{simp_ff}
623: $B$K$h$jJQ49$G$-$k(B.
1.3 noro 624: \E
625: \BEG
626: @code{simp_ff} is available if one wants to convert the whole
627: coefficients of a polynomial.
628: \E
1.1 noro 629:
630: @end itemize
1.10 noro 631:
632:
633: @item 8
634: \JP @b{$B0L?t(B @var{p^n} $B$NM-8BBN$N85(B}
635: \EG @b{element of a finite field of characteristic @var{p^n}}
636:
637: \BJP
638: $B0L?t$,(B @var{p^n} (@var{p} $B$OG$0U$NAG?t(B, @var{n} $B$O@5@0?t(B) $B$O(B,
1.11 noro 639: $BI8?t(B @var{p} $B$*$h$S(B GF(@var{p}) $B>e4{Ls$J(B @var{n} $B<!B?9`<0(B m(x)
1.10 noro 640: $B$r(B @code{setmod_ff} $B$K$h$j;XDj$9$k$3$H$K$h$j@_Dj$9$k(B.
1.11 noro 641: $B$3$NBN$N85$O(B m(x) $B$rK!$H$9$k(B GF(@var{p}) $B>e$NB?9`<0$H$7$F(B
1.10 noro 642: $BI=8=$5$l$k(B.
643: \E
644: \BEG
645: A finite field of order @var{p^n}, where @var{p} is an arbitrary prime
646: and @var{n} is a positive integer, is set by @code{setmod_ff}
647: by specifying its characteristic @var{p} and an irreducible polynomial
1.11 noro 648: of degree @var{n} over GF(@var{p}). An element of this field
649: is represented by a polynomial over GF(@var{p}) modulo m(x).
1.10 noro 650: \E
651:
652: @item 9
653: \JP @b{$B0L?t(B @var{p^n} $B$NM-8BBN$N85(B ($B>.0L?t(B)}
654: \EG @b{element of a finite field of characteristic @var{p^n} (small order)}
655:
656: \BJP
657: $B0L?t$,(B @var{p^n} $B$NM-8BBN(B (@var{p^n} $B$,(B @var{2^29} $B0J2<(B, @var{p} $B$,(B @var{2^14} $B0J>e(B
658: $B$J$i(B @var{n} $B$O(B 1) $B$O(B,
659: $BI8?t(B @var{p} $B$*$h$S3HBg<!?t(B @var{n}
660: $B$r(B @code{setmod_ff} $B$K$h$j;XDj$9$k$3$H$K$h$j@_Dj$9$k(B.
661: $B$3$NBN$N(B 0 $B$G$J$$85$O(B, @var{p} $B$,(B @var{2^14} $BL$K~$N>l9g(B,
1.11 noro 662: GF(@var{p^n}) $B$N>hK!72$N@8@.85$r8GDj$9$k$3$H(B
1.10 noro 663: $B$K$h$j(B, $B$3$N85$N$Y$-$H$7$FI=$5$l$k(B. $B$3$l$K$h$j(B, $B$3$NBN$N(B 0 $B$G$J$$85(B
664: $B$O(B, $B$3$N$Y$-;X?t$H$7$FI=8=$5$l$k(B. @var{p} $B$,(B @var{2^14} $B0J>e(B
665: $B$N>l9g$ODL>o$N>jM>$K$h$kI=8=$H$J$k$,(B, $B6&DL$N%W%m%0%i%`$G(B
666: $BAPJ}$N>l9g$r07$($k$h$&$K$3$N$h$&$J;EMM$H$J$C$F$$$k(B.
667:
668: \E
669: \BEG
670: A finite field of order @var{p^n}, where @var{p^n} must be less than
671: @var{2^29} and @var{n} must be equal to 1 if @var{p} is greater or
1.13 noro 672: equal to @var{2^14},
1.10 noro 673: is set by @code{setmod_ff}
674: by specifying its characteristic @var{p} the extension degree
675: @var{n}. If @var{p} is less than @var{2^14}, each non-zero element
676: of this field
677: is a power of a fixed element, which is a generator of the multiplicative
678: group of the field, and it is represented by its exponent.
679: Otherwise, each element is represented by the redue modulo @var{p}.
680: This specification is useful for treating both cases in a single
681: program.
682: \E
683:
1.13 noro 684: @item 10
685: \JP @b{$B0L?t(B @var{p^n} $B$N>.0L?tM-8BBN$NBe?t3HBg$N85(B}
686: \EG @b{element of a finite field which is an algebraic extension of a small finite field of characteristic @var{p^n}}
687:
688: \BJP
689: $BA09`$N(B, $B0L?t$,(B @var{p^n} $B$N>.0L?tM-8BBN$N(B @var{m} $B<!3HBg$N85$G$"$k(B.
690: $BI8?t(B @var{p} $B$*$h$S3HBg<!?t(B @var{n}, @var{m}
691: $B$r(B @code{setmod_ff} $B$K$h$j;XDj$9$k$3$H$K$h$j@_Dj$9$k(B. $B4pACBN>e$N(B @var{m}
692: $B<!4{LsB?9`<0$,<+F0@8@.$5$l(B, $B$=$NBe?t3HBg$N@8@.85$NDj5AB?9`<0$H$7$FMQ$$$i$l$k(B.
693: $B@8@.85$O(B @code{@@s} $B$G$"$k(B.
694:
695: \E
696: \BEG
697: An extension field @var{K} of the small finite field @var{F} of order @var{p^n}
698: is set by @code{setmod_ff}
699: by specifying its characteristic @var{p} the extension degree
700: @var{n} and @var{m}=[@var{K}:@var{F}]. An irreducible polynomial of degree @var{m}
701: over @var{K} is automatically generated and used as the defining polynomial of
702: the generator of the extension @var{K/F}. The generator is denoted by @code{@@s}.
703: \E
704:
705: @item 11
706: \JP @b{$BJ,;6I=8=$NBe?tE*?t(B}
707: \EG @b{algebraic number represented by a distributed polynomial}
708: @*
709: \JP @xref{$BBe?tE*?t$K4X$9$k1i;;(B}.
710: \EG @xref{Algebraic numbers}.
711:
712: \BJP
713:
714: \E
715: \BEG
716: \E
1.1 noro 717: @end table
718:
1.3 noro 719: \BJP
1.10 noro 720: $B>.I8?tM-8BAGBN0J30$NM-8BBN$O(B @code{setmod_ff} $B$G@_Dj$9$k(B.
721: $BM-8BBN$N85$I$&$7$N1i;;$G$O(B,
1.1 noro 722: $B0lJ}$,M-M}?t$N>l9g$K$O(B, $B$=$NM-M}?t$O<+F0E*$K8=:_@_Dj$5$l$F$$$k(B
723: $BM-8BBN$N85$KJQ49$5$l(B, $B1i;;$,9T$o$l$k(B.
1.3 noro 724: \E
725: \BEG
1.10 noro 726: Finite fields other than small finite prime fields are
727: set by @code{setmod_ff}.
1.3 noro 728: Elements of finite fields do not have informations about the modulus.
1.10 noro 729: Upon an arithmetic operation, i
730: f one of the operands is a rational number, it is automatically
1.3 noro 731: converted into an element of the finite field currently set and
732: the operation is done in the finite field.
733: \E
1.1 noro 734:
1.3 noro 735: \BJP
1.1 noro 736: @node $BITDj85$N7?(B,,, $B7?(B
737: @section $BITDj85$N7?(B
1.3 noro 738: \E
739: \BEG
740: @node Types of indeterminates,,, Data types
741: @section Types of indeterminates
742: \E
1.1 noro 743:
744: @noindent
1.3 noro 745: \BJP
1.1 noro 746: $BB?9`<0$NJQ?t$H$J$jF@$kBP>]$r(B@b{$BITDj85(B}$B$H$h$V(B. @b{Asir} $B$G$O(B,
747: $B1Q>.J8;z$G;O$^$j(B, $BG$0U8D$N%"%k%U%!%Y%C%H(B, $B?t;z(B, @samp{_} $B$+$i$J$kJ8;zNs(B
748: $B$rITDj85$H$7$F07$&$,(B, $B$=$NB>$K$b%7%9%F%`$K$h$jITDj85$H$7$F07$o$l$k$b$N(B
749: $B$,$$$/$D$+$"$k(B. @b{Asir} $B$NFbIt7A<0$H$7$F$O(B, $B$3$l$i$OA4$FB?9`<0$H$7$F$N(B
750: $B7?$r;}$D$,(B, $B?t$HF1MM(B, $BITDj85$N7?$K$h$j6hJL$5$l$k(B.
1.3 noro 751: \E
752: \BEG
753: An algebraic object is recognized as an indeterminate when it can be
754: a (so-called) variable in polynomials.
755: An ordinary indeterminate is usually denoted by a string that start with
756: a small alphabetical letter followed by an arbitrary number of
757: alphabetical letters, digits or @samp{_}.
758: In addition to such ordinary indeterminates,
759: there are other kinds of indeterminates in a wider sense in @b{Asir}.
760: Such indeterminates in the wider sense have type @b{polynomial},
761: and further are classified into sub-types of the type @b{indeterminate}.
762: \E
1.1 noro 763:
764: @table @code
765: @item 0
1.3 noro 766: \JP @b{$B0lHLITDj85(B}
767: \EG @b{ordinary indeterminate}
1.5 noro 768: @*
1.3 noro 769: \JP $B1Q>.J8;z$G;O$^$kJ8;zNs(B. $BB?9`<0$NJQ?t$H$7$F:G$bIaDL$KMQ$$$i$l$k(B.
770: \BEG
771: An object of this sub-type is denoted by a string that start with
772: a small alphabetical letter followed by an arbitrary number of
773: alphabetical letters, digits or @samp{_}.
774: This kind of indeterminates are most commonly used for variables of
775: polynomials.
776: \E
1.1 noro 777:
778: @example
779: [0] [vtype(a),vtype(aA_12)];
780: [0,0]
781: @end example
782:
783: @item 1
1.3 noro 784: \JP @b{$BL$Dj78?t(B}
785: \EG @b{undetermined coefficient}
1.5 noro 786: @*
1.3 noro 787: \BJP
1.1 noro 788: @code{uc()} $B$O(B, @samp{_} $B$G;O$^$kJ8;zNs$rL>A0$H$9$kITDj85$r@8@.$9$k(B.
789: $B$3$l$i$O(B, $B%f!<%6$,F~NO$G$-$J$$$H$$$&$@$1$G(B, $B0lHLITDj85$HJQ$o$i$J$$$,(B,
790: $B%f!<%6$,F~NO$7$?ITDj85$H>WFM$7$J$$$H$$$&@-<A$rMxMQ$7$FL$Dj78?t$N(B
791: $B<+F0@8@.$J$I$KMQ$$$k$3$H$,$G$-$k(B.
1.3 noro 792: \E
793: \BEG
794: The function @code{uc()} creates an indeterminate which is denoted by
795: a string that begins with @samp{_}. Such an indeterminate cannot be
796: directly input by its name. Other properties are the same as those of
797: @b{ordinary indeterminate}. Therefore, it has a property that it cannot
798: cause collision with the name of ordinary indeterminates input by the
799: user. And this property is conveniently used to create undetermined
800: coefficients dynamically by programs.
801: \E
1.1 noro 802:
803: @example
804: [1] U=uc();
805: _0
806: [2] vtype(U);
807: 1
808: @end example
809:
810: @item 2
1.3 noro 811: \JP @b{$BH!?t7A<0(B}
812: \EG @b{function form}
1.5 noro 813: @*
1.3 noro 814: \BJP
1.1 noro 815: $BAH$_9~$_H!?t(B, $B%f!<%6H!?t$N8F$S=P$7$O(B, $BI>2A$5$l$F2?$i$+$N(B @b{Asir} $B$N(B
816: $BFbIt7A<0$KJQ49$5$l$k$,(B, @code{sin(x)}, @code{cos(x+1)} $B$J$I$O(B, $BI>2A8e(B
817: $B$b$=$N$^$^$N7A$GB8:_$9$k(B. $B$3$l$OH!?t7A<0$H8F$P$l(B, $B$=$l<+?H$,(B 1 $B$D$N(B
818: $BITDj85$H$7$F07$o$l$k(B. $B$^$?$d$dFC<l$JNc$H$7$F(B, $B1_<~N((B @code{@@pi} $B$d(B
819: $B<+A3BP?t$NDl(B @code{@@e} $B$bH!?t7A<0$H$7$F07$o$l$k(B.
1.3 noro 820: \E
821: \BEG
822: A function call to a built-in function or to an user defined function
823: is usually evaluated by @b{Asir} and retained in a proper internal form.
824: Some expressions, however, will remain in the same form after evaluation.
825: For example, @code{sin(x)} and @code{cos(x+1)} will remain as if they
826: were not evaluated. These (unevaluated) forms are called
827: `function forms' and are treated as if they are indeterminates in a
828: wider sense. Also, special forms such as @code{@@pi} the ratio of
829: circumference and diameter, and @code{@@e} Napier's number, will be
830: treated as `function forms.'
831: \E
1.1 noro 832:
833: @example
834: [3] V=sin(x);
835: sin(x)
836: [4] vtype(V);
837: 2
838: [5] vars(V^2+V+1);
839: [sin(x)]
840: @end example
841:
842: @item 3
1.3 noro 843: \JP @b{$BH!?t;R(B}
844: \EG @b{functor}
1.5 noro 845: @*
1.3 noro 846: \BJP
1.11 noro 847: $BH!?t8F$S=P$7$O(B, @var{fname}(@var{args}) $B$H$$$&7A$G9T$J$o$l$k$,(B, @var{fname} $B$N(B
1.1 noro 848: $BItJ,$rH!?t;R$H8F$V(B. $BH!?t;R$K$O(B, $BH!?t$N<oN`$K$h$jAH$_9~$_H!?t;R(B,
849: $B%f!<%6Dj5AH!?t;R(B, $B=iEyH!?t;R$J$I$,$"$k$,(B, $BH!?t;R$OC1FH$GITDj85$H$7$F(B
850: $B5!G=$9$k(B.
1.3 noro 851: \E
852: \BEG
1.11 noro 853: A function call (or a function form) has a form @var{fname}(@var{args}).
1.3 noro 854: Here, @var{fname} alone is called a @b{functor}.
855: There are several kinds of @b{functor}s: built-in functor, user defined
856: functor and functor for the elementary functions. A functor alone is
857: treated as an indeterminate in a wider sense.
858: \E
1.1 noro 859:
860: @example
861: [6] vtype(sin);
862: 3
863: @end example
864: @end table
865:
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