=================================================================== RCS file: /home/cvs/OpenXM_contrib/gmp/Attic/gmp.info-3,v retrieving revision 1.1 retrieving revision 1.1.1.2 diff -u -p -r1.1 -r1.1.1.2 --- OpenXM_contrib/gmp/Attic/gmp.info-3 2000/01/10 15:35:21 1.1 +++ OpenXM_contrib/gmp/Attic/gmp.info-3 2000/09/09 14:12:19 1.1.1.2 @@ -1,15 +1,15 @@ -This is Info file gmp.info, produced by Makeinfo-1.64 from the input -file gmp.texi. +This is gmp.info, produced by makeinfo version 4.0 from gmp.texi. +INFO-DIR-SECTION GNU libraries START-INFO-DIR-ENTRY -* gmp: (gmp.info). GNU Multiple Precision Arithmetic Library. +* gmp: (gmp). GNU Multiple Precision Arithmetic Library. END-INFO-DIR-ENTRY This file documents GNU MP, a library for arbitrary-precision arithmetic. - Copyright (C) 1991, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996 Free Software Foundation, -Inc. + Copyright (C) 1991, 1993, 1994, 1995, 1996, 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000 +Free Software Foundation, Inc. Permission is granted to make and distribute verbatim copies of this manual provided the copyright notice and this permission notice are @@ -26,234 +26,987 @@ versions, except that this permission notice may be st translation approved by the Foundation.  -File: gmp.info, Node: Function Index, Up: Top +File: gmp.info, Node: Low-level Functions, Next: Random Number Functions, Prev: Floating-point Functions, Up: Top -Function and Type Index +Low-level Functions +******************* + + This chapter describes low-level GMP functions, used to implement +the high-level GMP functions, but also intended for time-critical user +code. + + These functions start with the prefix `mpn_'. + + The `mpn' functions are designed to be as fast as possible, *not* to +provide a coherent calling interface. The different functions have +somewhat similar interfaces, but there are variations that make them +hard to use. These functions do as little as possible apart from the +real multiple precision computation, so that no time is spent on things +that not all callers need. + + A source operand is specified by a pointer to the least significant +limb and a limb count. A destination operand is specified by just a +pointer. It is the responsibility of the caller to ensure that the +destination has enough space for storing the result. + + With this way of specifying operands, it is possible to perform +computations on subranges of an argument, and store the result into a +subrange of a destination. + + A common requirement for all functions is that each source area +needs at least one limb. No size argument may be zero. Unless +otherwise stated, in-place operations are allowed where source and +destination are the same, but not where they only partly overlap. + + The `mpn' functions are the base for the implementation of the +`mpz_', `mpf_', and `mpq_' functions. + + This example adds the number beginning at S1P and the number +beginning at S2P and writes the sum at DESTP. All areas have SIZE +limbs. + + cy = mpn_add_n (destp, s1p, s2p, size) + +In the notation used here, a source operand is identified by the +pointer to the least significant limb, and the limb count in braces. +For example, {s1p, s1size}. + + - Function: mp_limb_t mpn_add_n (mp_limb_t *RP, const mp_limb_t *S1P, + const mp_limb_t *S2P, mp_size_t SIZE) + Add {S1P, SIZE} and {S2P, SIZE}, and write the SIZE least + significant limbs of the result to RP. Return carry, either 0 or + 1. + + This is the lowest-level function for addition. It is the + preferred function for addition, since it is written in assembly + for most targets. For addition of a variable to itself (i.e., S1P + equals S2P, use `mpn_lshift' with a count of 1 for optimal speed. + + - Function: mp_limb_t mpn_add_1 (mp_limb_t *RP, const mp_limb_t *S1P, + mp_size_t SIZE, mp_limb_t S2LIMB) + Add {S1P, SIZE} and S2LIMB, and write the SIZE least significant + limbs of the result to RP. Return carry, either 0 or 1. + + - Function: mp_limb_t mpn_add (mp_limb_t *RP, const mp_limb_t *S1P, + mp_size_t S1SIZE, const mp_limb_t *S2P, mp_size_t S2SIZE) + Add {S1P, S1SIZE} and {S2P, S2SIZE}, and write the S1SIZE least + significant limbs of the result to RP. Return carry, either 0 or + 1. + + This function requires that S1SIZE is greater than or equal to + S2SIZE. + + - Function: mp_limb_t mpn_sub_n (mp_limb_t *RP, const mp_limb_t *S1P, + const mp_limb_t *S2P, mp_size_t SIZE) + Subtract {S2P, S2SIZE} from {S1P, SIZE}, and write the SIZE least + significant limbs of the result to RP. Return borrow, either 0 or + 1. + + This is the lowest-level function for subtraction. It is the + preferred function for subtraction, since it is written in + assembly for most targets. + + - Function: mp_limb_t mpn_sub_1 (mp_limb_t *RP, const mp_limb_t *S1P, + mp_size_t SIZE, mp_limb_t S2LIMB) + Subtract S2LIMB from {S1P, SIZE}, and write the SIZE least + significant limbs of the result to RP. Return borrow, either 0 or + 1. + + - Function: mp_limb_t mpn_sub (mp_limb_t *RP, const mp_limb_t *S1P, + mp_size_t S1SIZE, const mp_limb_t *S2P, mp_size_t S2SIZE) + Subtract {S2P, S2SIZE} from {S1P, S1SIZE}, and write the S1SIZE + least significant limbs of the result to RP. Return borrow, + either 0 or 1. + + This function requires that S1SIZE is greater than or equal to + S2SIZE. + + - Function: void mpn_mul_n (mp_limb_t *RP, const mp_limb_t *S1P, const + mp_limb_t *S2P, mp_size_t SIZE) + Multiply {S1P, SIZE} and {S2P, SIZE}, and write the *entire* + result to RP. + + The destination has to have space for 2*SIZE limbs, even if the + significant result might be one limb smaller. + + - Function: mp_limb_t mpn_mul_1 (mp_limb_t *RP, const mp_limb_t *S1P, + mp_size_t SIZE, mp_limb_t S2LIMB) + Multiply {S1P, SIZE} and S2LIMB, and write the SIZE least + significant limbs of the product to RP. Return the most + significant limb of the product. + + This is a low-level function that is a building block for general + multiplication as well as other operations in GMP. It is written + in assembly for most targets. + + Don't call this function if S2LIMB is a power of 2; use + `mpn_lshift' with a count equal to the logarithm of S2LIMB + instead, for optimal speed. + + - Function: mp_limb_t mpn_addmul_1 (mp_limb_t *RP, const mp_limb_t + *S1P, mp_size_t SIZE, mp_limb_t S2LIMB) + Multiply {S1P, SIZE} and S2LIMB, and add the SIZE least + significant limbs of the product to {RP, SIZE} and write the + result to RP. Return the most significant limb of the product, + plus carry-out from the addition. + + This is a low-level function that is a building block for general + multiplication as well as other operations in GMP. It is written + in assembly for most targets. + + - Function: mp_limb_t mpn_submul_1 (mp_limb_t *RP, const mp_limb_t + *S1P, mp_size_t SIZE, mp_limb_t S2LIMB) + Multiply {S1P, SIZE} and S2LIMB, and subtract the SIZE least + significant limbs of the product from {RP, SIZE} and write the + result to RP. Return the most significant limb of the product, + minus borrow-out from the subtraction. + + This is a low-level function that is a building block for general + multiplication and division as well as other operations in GMP. + It is written in assembly for most targets. + + - Function: mp_limb_t mpn_mul (mp_limb_t *RP, const mp_limb_t *S1P, + mp_size_t S1SIZE, const mp_limb_t *S2P, mp_size_t S2SIZE) + Multiply {S1P, S1SIZE} and {S2P, S2SIZE}, and write the result to + RP. Return the most significant limb of the result. + + The destination has to have space for S1SIZE + S2SIZE limbs, even + if the result might be one limb smaller. + + This function requires that S1SIZE is greater than or equal to + S2SIZE. The destination must be distinct from either input + operands. + + - Function: mp_limb_t mpn_tdiv_qr (mp_limb_t *QP, mp_limb_t *RP, + mp_size_t QXN, const mp_limb_t *NP, mp_size_t NN, const + mp_limb_t *DP, mp_size_t DN) + Divide {NP, NN} by {DP, DN}. Write the quotient at QP and the + remainder at RP. + + The quotient written at QP will be NN - DN + 1 limbs. The + remainder written at RP will be DN limbs. + + It is required that NN is greater than or equal to DN. The QXN + operand must be zero. + + The quotient is rounded towards 0. + + No overlap between arguments is permitted. + + - Function: mp_limb_t mpn_divrem (mp_limb_t *R1P, mp_size_t XSIZE, + mp_limb_t *RS2P, mp_size_t RS2SIZE, const mp_limb_t *S3P, + mp_size_t S3SIZE) + [This function is obsolete. Please call `mpn_tdiv_qr' instead for + best performance.] + + Divide {RS2P, RS2SIZE} by {S3P, S3SIZE}, and write the quotient at + R1P, with the exception of the most significant limb, which is + returned. The remainder replaces the dividend at RS2P; it will be + S3SIZE limbs long (i.e., as many limbs as the divisor). + + In addition to an integer quotient, XSIZE fraction limbs are + developed, and stored after the integral limbs. For most usages, + XSIZE will be zero. + + It is required that RS2SIZE is greater than or equal to S3SIZE. + It is required that the most significant bit of the divisor is set. + + If the quotient is not needed, pass RS2P + S3SIZE as R1P. Aside + from that special case, no overlap between arguments is permitted. + + Return the most significant limb of the quotient, either 0 or 1. + + The area at R1P needs to be RS2SIZE - S3SIZE + XSIZE limbs large. + + - Function: mp_limb_t mpn_divrem_1 (mp_limb_t *R1P, mp_size_t XSIZE, + mp_limb_t *S2P, mp_size_t S2SIZE, mp_limb_t S3LIMB) + - Macro: mp_limb_t mpn_divmod_1 (mp_limb_t *R1P, mp_limb_t *S2P, + mp_size_t S2SIZE, mp_limb_t S3LIMB) + Divide {S2P, S2SIZE} by S3LIMB, and write the quotient at R1P. + Return the remainder. + + The integer quotient is written to {R1P+XSIZE, S2SIZE} and in + addition XSIZE fraction limbs are developed and written to {R1P, + XSIZE}. Either or both S2SIZE and XSIZE can be zero. For most + usages, XSIZE will be zero. + + `mpn_divmod_1' exists for upward source compatibility and is + simply a macro calling `mpn_divrem_1' with an XSIZE of 0. + + The areas at R1P and S2P have to be identical or completely + separate, not partially overlapping. + + - Function: mp_limb_t mpn_divmod (mp_limb_t *R1P, mp_limb_t *RS2P, + mp_size_t RS2SIZE, const mp_limb_t *S3P, mp_size_t S3SIZE) + *This interface is obsolete. It will disappear from future + releases. Use `mpn_divrem' in its stead.* + + - Macro: mp_limb_t mpn_divexact_by3 (mp_limb_t *RP, mp_limb_t *SP, + mp_size_t SIZE) + - Function: mp_limb_t mpn_divexact_by3c (mp_limb_t *RP, mp_limb_t *SP, + mp_size_t SIZE, mp_limb_t CARRY) + Divide {SP, SIZE} by 3, expecting it to divide exactly, and + writing the result to {RP, SIZE}. If 3 divides exactly, the + return value is zero and the result is the quotient. If not, the + return value is non-zero and the result won't be anything useful. + + `mpn_divexact_by3c' takes an initial carry parameter, which can be + the return value from a previous call, so a large calculation can + be done piece by piece. `mpn_divexact_by3' is simply a macro + calling `mpn_divexact_by3c' with a 0 carry parameter. + + These routines use a multiply-by-inverse and will be faster than + `mpn_divrem_1' on CPUs with fast multiplication but slow division. + + The source a, result q, size n, initial carry i, and return value + c satisfy c*b^n + a-i = 3*q, where b is the size of a limb (2^32 + or 2^64). c is always 0, 1 or 2, and the initial carry must also + be 0, 1 or 2 (these are both borrows really). When c=0, clearly + q=(a-i)/3. When c!=0, the remainder (a-i) mod 3 is given by 3-c, + because b == 1 mod 3. + + - Function: mp_limb_t mpn_mod_1 (mp_limb_t *S1P, mp_size_t S1SIZE, + mp_limb_t S2LIMB) + Divide {S1P, S1SIZE} by S2LIMB, and return the remainder. S1SIZE + can be zero. + + - Function: mp_limb_t mpn_preinv_mod_1 (mp_limb_t *S1P, mp_size_t + S1SIZE, mp_limb_t S2LIMB, mp_limb_t S3LIMB) + *This interface is obsolete. It will disappear from future + releases. Use `mpn_mod_1' in its stead.* + + - Function: mp_limb_t mpn_bdivmod (mp_limb_t *RP, mp_limb_t *S1P, + mp_size_t S1SIZE, const mp_limb_t *S2P, mp_size_t S2SIZE, + unsigned long int D) + The function puts the low [D/BITS_PER_MP_LIMB] limbs of Q = {S1P, + S1SIZE}/{S2P, S2SIZE} mod 2^D at RP, and returns the high D mod + BITS_PER_MP_LIMB bits of Q. + + {S1P, S1SIZE} - Q * {S2P, S2SIZE} mod 2^(S1SIZE*BITS_PER_MP_LIMB) + is placed at S1P. Since the low [D/BITS_PER_MP_LIMB] limbs of + this difference are zero, it is possible to overwrite the low + limbs at S1P with this difference, provided RP <= S1P. + + This function requires that S1SIZE * BITS_PER_MP_LIMB >= D, and + that {S2P, S2SIZE} is odd. + + *This interface is preliminary. It might change incompatibly in + future revisions.* + + - Function: mp_limb_t mpn_lshift (mp_limb_t *RP, const mp_limb_t + *SRC_PTR, mp_size_t SRC_SIZE, unsigned long int COUNT) + Shift {SRC_PTR, SRC_SIZE} COUNT bits to the left, and write the + SRC_SIZE least significant limbs of the result to RP. COUNT might + be in the range 1 to n - 1, on an n-bit machine. The bits shifted + out to the left are returned. + + Overlapping of the destination space and the source space is + allowed in this function, provided RP >= SRC_PTR. + + This function is written in assembly for most targets. + + - Function: mp_limp_t mpn_rshift (mp_limb_t *RP, const mp_limb_t + *SRC_PTR, mp_size_t SRC_SIZE, unsigned long int COUNT) + Shift {SRC_PTR, SRC_SIZE} COUNT bits to the right, and write the + SRC_SIZE most significant limbs of the result to RP. COUNT might + be in the range 1 to n - 1, on an n-bit machine. The bits shifted + out to the right are returned. + + Overlapping of the destination space and the source space is + allowed in this function, provided RP <= SRC_PTR. + + This function is written in assembly for most targets. + + - Function: int mpn_cmp (const mp_limb_t *S1P, const mp_limb_t *S2P, + mp_size_t SIZE) + Compare {S1P, SIZE} and {S2P, SIZE} and return a positive value if + s1 > src2, 0 of they are equal, and a negative value if s1 < src2. + + - Function: mp_size_t mpn_gcd (mp_limb_t *RP, mp_limb_t *S1P, + mp_size_t S1SIZE, mp_limb_t *S2P, mp_size_t S2SIZE) + Puts at RP the greatest common divisor of {S1P, S1SIZE} and {S2P, + S2SIZE}; both source operands are destroyed by the operation. The + size in limbs of the greatest common divisor is returned. + + {S1P, S1SIZE} must have at least as many bits as {S2P, S2SIZE}, + and {S2P, S2SIZE} must be odd. + + - Function: mp_limb_t mpn_gcd_1 (const mp_limb_t *S1P, mp_size_t + S1SIZE, mp_limb_t S2LIMB) + Return the greatest common divisor of {S1P, S1SIZE} and S2LIMB, + where S2LIMB (as well as S1SIZE) must be different from 0. + + - Function: mp_size_t mpn_gcdext (mp_limb_t *R1P, mp_limb_t *R2P, + mp_size_t *R2SIZE, mp_limb_t *S1P, mp_size_t S1SIZE, + mp_limb_t *S2P, mp_size_t S2SIZE) + Compute the greatest common divisor of {S1P, S1SIZE} and {S2P, + S2SIZE}. Store the gcd at R1P and return its size in limbs. + Write the first cofactor at R2P and store its size in *R2SIZE. If + the cofactor is negative, *R2SIZE is negative and R2P is the + absolute value of the cofactor. + + {S1P, S1SIZE} must be greater than or equal to {S2P, S2SIZE}. + Neither operand may equal 0. Both source operands are destroyed, + plus one limb past the end of each, ie. {S1P, S1SIZE+1} and {S2P, + S2SIZE+1}. + + - Function: mp_size_t mpn_sqrtrem (mp_limb_t *R1P, mp_limb_t *R2P, + const mp_limb_t *SP, mp_size_t SIZE) + Compute the square root of {SP, SIZE} and put the result at R1P. + Write the remainder at R2P, unless R2P is `NULL'. + + Return the size of the remainder, whether R2P was `NULL' or + non-`NULL'. Iff the operand was a perfect square, the return + value will be 0. + + The areas at R1P and SP have to be distinct. The areas at R2P and + SP have to be identical or completely separate, not partially + overlapping. + + The area at R1P needs to have space for ceil(SIZE/2) limbs. The + area at R2P needs to be SIZE limbs large. + + - Function: mp_size_t mpn_get_str (unsigned char *STR, int BASE, + mp_limb_t *S1P, mp_size_t S1SIZE) + Convert {S1P, S1SIZE} to a raw unsigned char array in base BASE. + The string is not in ASCII; to convert it to printable format, add + the ASCII codes for `0' or `A', depending on the base and range. + There may be leading zeros in the string. + + The area at S1P is clobbered. + + Return the number of characters in STR. + + The area at STR has to have space for the largest possible number + represented by a S1SIZE long limb array, plus one extra character. + + - Function: mp_size_t mpn_set_str (mp_limb_t *R1P, const char *STR, + size_t STRSIZE, int BASE) + Convert the raw unsigned char array at STR of length STRSIZE to a + limb array {S1P, S1SIZE}. The base of STR is BASE. + + Return the number of limbs stored in R1P. + + - Function: unsigned long int mpn_scan0 (const mp_limb_t *S1P, + unsigned long int BIT) + Scan S1P from bit position BIT for the next clear bit. + + It is required that there be a clear bit within the area at S1P at + or beyond bit position BIT, so that the function has something to + return. + + - Function: unsigned long int mpn_scan1 (const mp_limb_t *S1P, + unsigned long int BIT) + Scan S1P from bit position BIT for the next set bit. + + It is required that there be a set bit within the area at S1P at or + beyond bit position BIT, so that the function has something to + return. + + - Function: void mpn_random (mp_limb_t *R1P, mp_size_t R1SIZE) + - Function: void mpn_random2 (mp_limb_t *R1P, mp_size_t R1SIZE) + Generate a random number of length R1SIZE and store it at R1P. + The most significant limb is always non-zero. `mpn_random' + generates uniformly distributed limb data, `mpn_random2' generates + long strings of zeros and ones in the binary representation. + + `mpn_random2' is intended for testing the correctness of the `mpn' + routines. + + - Function: unsigned long int mpn_popcount (const mp_limb_t *S1P, + unsigned long int SIZE) + Count the number of set bits in {S1P, SIZE}. + + - Function: unsigned long int mpn_hamdist (const mp_limb_t *S1P, const + mp_limb_t *S2P, unsigned long int SIZE) + Compute the hamming distance between {S1P, SIZE} and {S2P, SIZE}. + + - Function: int mpn_perfect_square_p (const mp_limb_t *S1P, mp_size_t + SIZE) + Return non-zero iff {S1P, SIZE} is a perfect square. + + +File: gmp.info, Node: Random Number Functions, Next: BSD Compatible Functions, Prev: Low-level Functions, Up: Top + +Random Number Functions *********************** + There are two groups of random number functions in GNU MP; older +functions that call C library random number generators, rely on a global +state, and aren't very random; and newer functions that don't have these +problems. The newer functions are self-contained, they accept a random +state parameter that supplants global state, and generate good random +numbers. + + The random state parameter is of the type `gmp_randstate_t'. It +must be initialized by a call to one of the `gmp_randinit' functions +(*Note Random State Initialization::). The initial seed is set using +one of the `gmp_randseed' functions (*Note Random State +Initialization::). + + The size of the seed determines the number of different sequences of +random numbers that is possible to generate. The "quality" of the seed +is the randomness of a given seed compared to the previous seed used +and affects the randomness of separate number sequences. + + The algorithm for assigning seed is critical if the generated random +numbers are to be used for important applications, such as generating +cryptographic keys. + + The traditional method is to use the current system time for +seeding. One has to be careful when using the current time though. If +the application seeds the random functions very often, say several +times per second, and the resolution of the system clock is +comparatively low, like one second, the same sequence of numbers will +be generated until the system clock ticks. Furthermore, the current +system time is quite easy to guess, so a system depending on any +unpredictability of the random number sequence should absolutely not +use that as its only source for a seed value. + + On some systems there is a special device, often called +`/dev/random', which provides a source of somewhat random numbers more +usable as seed. + + The functions actually generating random functions are documented +under "Miscellaneous Functions" in their respective function class: +*Note Miscellaneous Integer Functions::, *Note Miscellaneous Float +Functions::. + * Menu: -* mp_limb_t: MP Basics. -* mpf_t: MP Basics. -* mpq_t: MP Basics. -* mpz_t: MP Basics. -* __GNU_MP_VERSION: MP Basics. -* __GNU_MP_VERSION_MINOR: MP Basics. -* _mpz_realloc: Initializing Integers. -* allocate_function: Custom Allocation. -* deallocate_function: Custom Allocation. -* gcd: BSD Compatible Functions. -* itom: BSD Compatible Functions. -* madd: BSD Compatible Functions. -* mcmp: BSD Compatible Functions. -* mdiv: BSD Compatible Functions. -* mfree: BSD Compatible Functions. -* min: BSD Compatible Functions. -* mout: BSD Compatible Functions. -* move: BSD Compatible Functions. -* mp_set_memory_functions: Custom Allocation. -* mpf_abs: Float Arithmetic. -* mpf_add: Float Arithmetic. -* mpf_add_ui: Float Arithmetic. -* mpf_clear: Initializing Floats. -* mpf_cmp: Float Comparison. -* mpf_cmp_si: Float Comparison. -* mpf_cmp_ui: Float Comparison. -* mpf_div: Float Arithmetic. -* mpf_div_2exp: Float Arithmetic. -* mpf_div_ui: Float Arithmetic. -* mpf_eq: Float Comparison. -* mpf_get_d: Converting Floats. -* mpf_get_prec: Initializing Floats. -* mpf_get_str: Converting Floats. -* mpf_init: Initializing Floats. -* mpf_init2: Initializing Floats. -* mpf_init_set: Simultaneous Float Init & Assign. -* mpf_init_set_d: Simultaneous Float Init & Assign. -* mpf_init_set_si: Simultaneous Float Init & Assign. -* mpf_init_set_str: Simultaneous Float Init & Assign. -* mpf_init_set_ui: Simultaneous Float Init & Assign. -* mpf_inp_str: I/O of Floats. -* mpf_mul: Float Arithmetic. -* mpf_mul_2exp: Float Arithmetic. -* mpf_mul_ui: Float Arithmetic. -* mpf_neg: Float Arithmetic. -* mpf_out_str: I/O of Floats. -* mpf_random2: Miscellaneous Float Functions. -* mpf_reldiff: Float Comparison. -* mpf_set: Assigning Floats. -* mpf_set_d: Assigning Floats. -* mpf_set_default_prec: Initializing Floats. -* mpf_set_prec: Initializing Floats. -* mpf_set_prec_raw: Initializing Floats. -* mpf_set_q: Assigning Floats. -* mpf_set_si: Assigning Floats. -* mpf_set_str: Assigning Floats. -* mpf_set_ui: Assigning Floats. -* mpf_set_z: Assigning Floats. -* mpf_sgn: Float Comparison. -* mpf_sqrt: Float Arithmetic. -* mpf_sqrt_ui: Float Arithmetic. -* mpf_sub: Float Arithmetic. -* mpf_sub_ui: Float Arithmetic. -* mpf_ui_div: Float Arithmetic. -* mpf_ui_sub: Float Arithmetic. -* mpn_add: Low-level Functions. -* mpn_add_1: Low-level Functions. -* mpn_add_n: Low-level Functions. -* mpn_addmul_1: Low-level Functions. -* mpn_bdivmod: Low-level Functions. -* mpn_cmp: Low-level Functions. -* mpn_divmod: Low-level Functions. -* mpn_divmod_1: Low-level Functions. -* mpn_divrem: Low-level Functions. -* mpn_divrem_1: Low-level Functions. -* mpn_gcd: Low-level Functions. -* mpn_gcd_1: Low-level Functions. -* mpn_gcdext: Low-level Functions. -* mpn_get_str: Low-level Functions. -* mpn_hamdist: Low-level Functions. -* mpn_lshift: Low-level Functions. -* mpn_mod_1: Low-level Functions. -* mpn_mul: Low-level Functions. -* mpn_mul_1: Low-level Functions. -* mpn_mul_n: Low-level Functions. -* mpn_perfect_square_p: Low-level Functions. -* mpn_popcount: Low-level Functions. -* mpn_preinv_mod_1: Low-level Functions. -* mpn_random2: Low-level Functions. -* mpn_rshift: Low-level Functions. -* mpn_scan0: Low-level Functions. -* mpn_scan1: Low-level Functions. -* mpn_set_str: Low-level Functions. -* mpn_sqrtrem: Low-level Functions. -* mpn_sub: Low-level Functions. -* mpn_sub_1: Low-level Functions. -* mpn_sub_n: Low-level Functions. -* mpn_submul_1: Low-level Functions. -* mpq_add: Assigning Rationals. -* mpq_canonicalize: Rational Number Functions. -* mpq_clear: Initializing Rationals. -* mpq_cmp: Comparing Rationals. -* mpq_cmp_ui: Comparing Rationals. -* mpq_denref: Applying Integer Functions. -* mpq_div: Assigning Rationals. -* mpq_equal: Comparing Rationals. -* mpq_get_d: Miscellaneous Rational Functions. -* mpq_get_den: Miscellaneous Rational Functions. -* mpq_get_num: Miscellaneous Rational Functions. -* mpq_init: Initializing Rationals. -* mpq_inv: Assigning Rationals. -* mpq_mul: Assigning Rationals. -* mpq_neg: Assigning Rationals. -* mpq_numref: Applying Integer Functions. -* mpq_set: Initializing Rationals. -* mpq_set_den: Miscellaneous Rational Functions. -* mpq_set_num: Miscellaneous Rational Functions. -* mpq_set_si: Initializing Rationals. -* mpq_set_ui: Initializing Rationals. -* mpq_set_z: Initializing Rationals. -* mpq_sgn: Comparing Rationals. -* mpq_sub: Assigning Rationals. -* mpz_abs: Integer Arithmetic. -* mpz_add: Integer Arithmetic. -* mpz_add_ui: Integer Arithmetic. -* mpz_and: Integer Logic and Bit Fiddling. -* mpz_array_init: Initializing Integers. -* mpz_cdiv_q: Integer Arithmetic. -* mpz_cdiv_q_ui: Integer Arithmetic. -* mpz_cdiv_qr: Integer Arithmetic. -* mpz_cdiv_qr_ui: Integer Arithmetic. -* mpz_cdiv_r: Integer Arithmetic. -* mpz_cdiv_r_ui: Integer Arithmetic. -* mpz_cdiv_ui: Integer Arithmetic. -* mpz_clear: Initializing Integers. -* mpz_clrbit: Integer Logic and Bit Fiddling. -* mpz_cmp: Comparison Functions. -* mpz_cmp_si: Comparison Functions. -* mpz_cmp_ui: Comparison Functions. -* mpz_com: Integer Logic and Bit Fiddling. -* mpz_divexact: Integer Arithmetic. -* mpz_fac_ui: Integer Arithmetic. -* mpz_fdiv_q: Integer Arithmetic. -* mpz_fdiv_q_2exp: Integer Arithmetic. -* mpz_fdiv_q_ui: Integer Arithmetic. -* mpz_fdiv_qr: Integer Arithmetic. -* mpz_fdiv_qr_ui: Integer Arithmetic. -* mpz_fdiv_r: Integer Arithmetic. -* mpz_fdiv_r_2exp: Integer Arithmetic. -* mpz_fdiv_r_ui: Integer Arithmetic. -* mpz_fdiv_ui: Integer Arithmetic. -* mpz_gcd: Integer Arithmetic. -* mpz_gcd_ui: Integer Arithmetic. -* mpz_gcdext: Integer Arithmetic. -* mpz_get_d: Converting Integers. -* mpz_get_si: Converting Integers. -* mpz_get_str: Converting Integers. -* mpz_get_ui: Converting Integers. -* mpz_hamdist: Integer Logic and Bit Fiddling. -* mpz_init: Initializing Integers. -* mpz_init_set: Simultaneous Integer Init & Assign. -* mpz_init_set_d: Simultaneous Integer Init & Assign. -* mpz_init_set_si: Simultaneous Integer Init & Assign. -* mpz_init_set_str: Simultaneous Integer Init & Assign. -* mpz_init_set_ui: Simultaneous Integer Init & Assign. -* mpz_inp_raw: I/O of Integers. -* mpz_inp_str: I/O of Integers. -* mpz_invert: Integer Arithmetic. -* mpz_ior: Integer Logic and Bit Fiddling. -* mpz_jacobi: Integer Arithmetic. -* mpz_legendre: Integer Arithmetic. -* mpz_mod: Integer Arithmetic. -* mpz_mod_ui: Integer Arithmetic. -* mpz_mul: Integer Arithmetic. -* mpz_mul_2exp: Integer Arithmetic. -* mpz_mul_ui: Integer Arithmetic. -* mpz_neg: Integer Arithmetic. -* mpz_out_raw: I/O of Integers. -* mpz_out_str: I/O of Integers. -* mpz_perfect_square_p: Integer Arithmetic. -* mpz_popcount: Integer Logic and Bit Fiddling. -* mpz_pow_ui: Integer Arithmetic. -* mpz_powm: Integer Arithmetic. -* mpz_powm_ui: Integer Arithmetic. -* mpz_probab_prime_p: Integer Arithmetic. -* mpz_random: Miscellaneous Integer Functions. -* mpz_random2: Miscellaneous Integer Functions. -* mpz_scan0: Integer Logic and Bit Fiddling. -* mpz_scan1: Integer Logic and Bit Fiddling. -* mpz_set: Assigning Integers. -* mpz_set_d: Assigning Integers. -* mpz_set_f: Assigning Integers. -* mpz_set_q: Assigning Integers. -* mpz_set_si: Assigning Integers. -* mpz_set_str: Assigning Integers. -* mpz_set_ui: Assigning Integers. -* mpz_setbit: Integer Logic and Bit Fiddling. -* mpz_sgn: Comparison Functions. -* mpz_size: Miscellaneous Integer Functions. -* mpz_sizeinbase: Miscellaneous Integer Functions. -* mpz_sqrt: Integer Arithmetic. -* mpz_sqrtrem: Integer Arithmetic. -* mpz_sub: Integer Arithmetic. -* mpz_sub_ui: Integer Arithmetic. -* mpz_tdiv_q: Integer Arithmetic. -* mpz_tdiv_q_2exp: Integer Arithmetic. -* mpz_tdiv_q_ui: Integer Arithmetic. -* mpz_tdiv_qr: Integer Arithmetic. -* mpz_tdiv_qr_ui: Integer Arithmetic. -* mpz_tdiv_r: Integer Arithmetic. -* mpz_tdiv_r_2exp: Integer Arithmetic. -* mpz_tdiv_r_ui: Integer Arithmetic. -* mpz_ui_pow_ui: Integer Arithmetic. -* msqrt: BSD Compatible Functions. -* msub: BSD Compatible Functions. -* mtox: BSD Compatible Functions. -* mult: BSD Compatible Functions. -* pow: BSD Compatible Functions. -* reallocate_function: Custom Allocation. -* rpow: BSD Compatible Functions. -* sdiv: BSD Compatible Functions. -* xtom: BSD Compatible Functions. +* Random State Initialization:: How to initialize a random state. + +File: gmp.info, Node: Random State Initialization, Prev: Random Number Functions, Up: Random Number Functions + +Random State Initialization +=========================== + + See *Note Random Number Functions:: for a discussion on how to +choose the initial seed value passed to these functions. + + - Function: void gmp_randinit (gmp_randstate_t STATE, gmp_randalg_t + ALG, ...) + Initialize random state variable STATE. + + ALG denotes what algorithm to use for random number generation. + Use one of + - GMP_RAND_ALG_LC -- Linear congruential. + + A fast generator defined by X = (aX + c) mod m. + + A third argument SIZE of type unsigned long int is required. + SIZE is the size of the largest good quality random number to + be generated, expressed in number of bits. If the random + generation functions are asked for a bigger random number + than indicated by this parameter, two or more numbers of SIZE + bits will be generated and concatenated, resulting in a "bad" + random number. This can be used to generate big random + numbers relatively cheap if the quality of randomness isn't + of great importance. + + a, c, and m are picked from a table where the modulus (m) is + a power of 2 and the multiplier is congruent to 5 (mod 8). + The choice is based on the SIZE parameter. The maximum SIZE + supported by this algorithm is 128. If you need bigger + random numbers, use your own scheme and call one of the other + `gmp_randinit' functions. + + + If ALG is 0 or GMP_RAND_ALG_DEFAULT, the default algorithm is + used. The default algorithm is typically a fast algorithm like + the linear congruential and requires a third SIZE argument (see + GMP_RAND_ALG_LC). + + When you're done with a STATE variable, call `gmp_randclear' to + deallocate any memory allocated by this function. + + `gmp_randinit' may set the following bits in GMP_ERRNO: + * GMP_ERROR_UNSUPPORTED_ARGUMENT -- ALG is unsupported + + * GMP_ERROR_INVALID_ARGUMENT -- SIZE is too big + + - Function: void gmp_randinit_lc_2exp (gmp_randstate_t STATE, mpz_t A, + unsigned long int C, unsigned long int M2EXP) + + Initialize random state variable STATE with given linear + congruential scheme. + + Parameters A, C, and M2EXP are the multiplier, adder, and modulus + for the linear congruential scheme to use, respectively. The + modulus is expressed as a power of 2, so that M = 2^M2EXP. + + The least significant bits of a random number generated by the + linear congruential algorithm where the modulus is a power of two + are not very random. Therefore, the lower half of a random number + generated by an LC scheme initialized with this function is + discarded. Thus, the size of a random number is M2EXP / 2 + (rounded upwards) bits when this function has been used for + initializing the random state. + + When you're done with a STATE variable, call `gmp_randclear' to + deallocate any memory allocated by this function. + + - Function: void gmp_randseed (gmp_randstate_t STATE, mpz_t SEED) + - Function: void gmp_randseed_ui (gmp_randstate_t STATE, unsigned long + int SEED) + Set the initial seed value. + + Parameter SEED is the initial random seed. The function + `gmp_randseed_ui' takes the SEED as an unsigned long int rather + than as an mpz_t. + + - Function: void gmp_randclear (gmp_randstate_t STATE) + Free all memory occupied by STATE. Make sure to call this + function for all `gmp_randstate_t' variables when you are done with + them. + + +File: gmp.info, Node: BSD Compatible Functions, Next: Custom Allocation, Prev: Random Number Functions, Up: Top + +Berkeley MP Compatible Functions +******************************** + + These functions are intended to be fully compatible with the +Berkeley MP library which is available on many BSD derived U*ix +systems. The `--enable-mpbsd' option must be used when building GNU MP +to make these available (*note Installing GMP::). + + The original Berkeley MP library has a usage restriction: you cannot +use the same variable as both source and destination in a single +function call. The compatible functions in GNU MP do not share this +restriction--inputs and outputs may overlap. + + It is not recommended that new programs are written using these +functions. Apart from the incomplete set of functions, the interface +for initializing `MINT' objects is more error prone, and the `pow' +function collides with `pow' in `libm.a'. + + Include the header `mp.h' to get the definition of the necessary +types and functions. If you are on a BSD derived system, make sure to +include GNU `mp.h' if you are going to link the GNU `libmp.a' to your +program. This means that you probably need to give the -I option +to the compiler, where is the directory where you have GNU `mp.h'. + + - Function: MINT * itom (signed short int INITIAL_VALUE) + Allocate an integer consisting of a `MINT' object and dynamic limb + space. Initialize the integer to INITIAL_VALUE. Return a pointer + to the `MINT' object. + + - Function: MINT * xtom (char *INITIAL_VALUE) + Allocate an integer consisting of a `MINT' object and dynamic limb + space. Initialize the integer from INITIAL_VALUE, a hexadecimal, + '\0'-terminate C string. Return a pointer to the `MINT' object. + + - Function: void move (MINT *SRC, MINT *DEST) + Set DEST to SRC by copying. Both variables must be previously + initialized. + + - Function: void madd (MINT *SRC_1, MINT *SRC_2, MINT *DESTINATION) + Add SRC_1 and SRC_2 and put the sum in DESTINATION. + + - Function: void msub (MINT *SRC_1, MINT *SRC_2, MINT *DESTINATION) + Subtract SRC_2 from SRC_1 and put the difference in DESTINATION. + + - Function: void mult (MINT *SRC_1, MINT *SRC_2, MINT *DESTINATION) + Multiply SRC_1 and SRC_2 and put the product in DESTINATION. + + - Function: void mdiv (MINT *DIVIDEND, MINT *DIVISOR, MINT *QUOTIENT, + MINT *REMAINDER) + - Function: void sdiv (MINT *DIVIDEND, signed short int DIVISOR, MINT + *QUOTIENT, signed short int *REMAINDER) + Set QUOTIENT to DIVIDEND/DIVISOR, and REMAINDER to DIVIDEND mod + DIVISOR. The quotient is rounded towards zero; the remainder has + the same sign as the dividend unless it is zero. + + Some implementations of these functions work differently--or not + at all--for negative arguments. + + - Function: void msqrt (MINT *OPERAND, MINT *ROOT, MINT *REMAINDER) + Set ROOT to the truncated integer part of the square root of + OPERAND. Set REMAINDER to OPERAND-ROOT*ROOT, (i.e., zero if + OPERAND is a perfect square). + + If ROOT and REMAINDER are the same variable, the results are + undefined. + + - Function: void pow (MINT *BASE, MINT *EXP, MINT *MOD, MINT *DEST) + Set DEST to (BASE raised to EXP) modulo MOD. + + - Function: void rpow (MINT *BASE, signed short int EXP, MINT *DEST) + Set DEST to BASE raised to EXP. + + - Function: void gcd (MINT *OPERAND1, MINT *OPERAND2, MINT *RES) + Set RES to the greatest common divisor of OPERAND1 and OPERAND2. + + - Function: int mcmp (MINT *OPERAND1, MINT *OPERAND2) + Compare OPERAND1 and OPERAND2. Return a positive value if + OPERAND1 > OPERAND2, zero if OPERAND1 = OPERAND2, and a negative + value if OPERAND1 < OPERAND2. + + - Function: void min (MINT *DEST) + Input a decimal string from `stdin', and put the read integer in + DEST. SPC and TAB are allowed in the number string, and are + ignored. + + - Function: void mout (MINT *SRC) + Output SRC to `stdout', as a decimal string. Also output a + newline. + + - Function: char * mtox (MINT *OPERAND) + Convert OPERAND to a hexadecimal string, and return a pointer to + the string. The returned string is allocated using the default + memory allocation function, `malloc' by default. + + - Function: void mfree (MINT *OPERAND) + De-allocate, the space used by OPERAND. *This function should + only be passed a value returned by `itom' or `xtom'.* + + +File: gmp.info, Node: Custom Allocation, Next: Contributors, Prev: BSD Compatible Functions, Up: Top + +Custom Allocation +***************** + + By default, GMP uses `malloc', `realloc' and `free' for memory +allocation. If `malloc' or `realloc' fails, GMP prints a message to +the standard error output and terminates execution. + + Some applications might want to allocate memory in other ways, or +might not want a fatal error when there is no more memory available. +To accomplish this, you can specify alternative memory allocation +functions. + + This can be done in the Berkeley compatibility library as well as +the main GMP library. + + - Function: void mp_set_memory_functions ( + void *(*ALLOC_FUNC_PTR) (size_t), + void *(*REALLOC_FUNC_PTR) (void *, size_t, size_t), + void (*FREE_FUNC_PTR) (void *, size_t)) + Replace the current allocation functions from the arguments. If + an argument is `NULL', the corresponding default function is + retained. + + *Be sure to call this function only when there are no active GMP + objects allocated using the previous memory functions! Usually, + that means that you have to call this function before any other + GMP function.* + + The functions you supply should fit the following declarations: + + - Function: void * allocate_function (size_t ALLOC_SIZE) + This function should return a pointer to newly allocated space + with at least ALLOC_SIZE storage units. + + - Function: void * reallocate_function (void *PTR, size_t OLD_SIZE, + size_t NEW_SIZE) + This function should return a pointer to newly allocated space of + at least NEW_SIZE storage units, after copying at least the first + OLD_SIZE storage units from PTR. It should also de-allocate the + space at PTR. + + You can assume that the space at PTR was formerly returned from + `allocate_function' or `reallocate_function', for a request for + OLD_SIZE storage units. + + - Function: void deallocate_function (void *PTR, size_t SIZE) + De-allocate the space pointed to by PTR. + + You can assume that the space at PTR was formerly returned from + `allocate_function' or `reallocate_function', for a request for + SIZE storage units. + + (A "storage unit" is the unit in which the `sizeof' operator returns +the size of an object, normally an 8 bit byte.) + + +File: gmp.info, Node: Contributors, Next: References, Prev: Custom Allocation, Up: Top + +Contributors +************ + + Torbjorn Granlund wrote the original GMP library and is still +developing and maintaining it. Several other individuals and +organizations have contributed to GMP in various ways. Here is a list +in chronological order: + + Gunnar Sjoedin and Hans Riesel helped with mathematical problems in +early versions of the library. + + Richard Stallman contributed to the interface design and revised the +first version of this manual. + + Brian Beuning and Doug Lea helped with testing of early versions of +the library and made creative suggestions. + + John Amanatides of York University in Canada contributed the function +`mpz_probab_prime_p'. + + Paul Zimmermann of Inria sparked the development of GMP 2, with his +comparisons between bignum packages. + + Ken Weber (Kent State University, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande +do Sul) contributed `mpz_gcd', `mpz_divexact', `mpn_gcd', and +`mpn_bdivmod', partially supported by CNPq (Brazil) grant 301314194-2. + + Per Bothner of Cygnus Support helped to set up GMP to use Cygnus' +configure. He has also made valuable suggestions and tested numerous +intermediary releases. + + Joachim Hollman was involved in the design of the `mpf' interface, +and in the `mpz' design revisions for version 2. + + Bennet Yee contributed the functions `mpz_jacobi' and `mpz_legendre'. + + Andreas Schwab contributed the files `mpn/m68k/lshift.S' and +`mpn/m68k/rshift.S'. + + The development of floating point functions of GNU MP 2, were +supported in part by the ESPRIT-BRA (Basic Research Activities) 6846 +project POSSO (POlynomial System SOlving). + + GNU MP 2 was finished and released by SWOX AB (formerly known as TMG +Datakonsult), Swedenborgsgatan 23, SE-118 27 STOCKHOLM, SWEDEN, in +cooperation with the IDA Center for Computing Sciences, USA. + + Robert Harley of Inria, France and David Seal of ARM, England, +suggested clever improvements for population count. + + Robert Harley also wrote highly optimized Karatsuba and 3-way Toom +multiplication functions for GMP 3. He also contributed the ARM +assembly code. + + Torsten Ekedahl of the Mathematical department of Stockholm +University provided significant inspiration during several phases of +the GMP development. His mathematical expertise helped improve several +algorithms. + + Paul Zimmermann wrote the Burnikel-Ziegler division code, the REDC +code, the REDC-based mpz_powm code, and the FFT multiply code. The +ECMNET project Paul is organizing has been a driving force behind many +of the optimization of GMP 3. + + Linus Nordberg wrote the new configure system based on autoconf and +implemented the new random functions. + + Kent Boortz made the Macintosh port. + + Kevin Ryde wrote a lot of very high quality x86 code, optimized for +most CPU variants. He also made countless other valuable contributions. + + Steve Root helped write the optimized alpha 21264 assembly code. + + GNU MP 3.1 was finished and released by Torbjorn Granlund and Kevin +Ryde. Torbjorn's work was partially funded by the IDA Center for +Computing Sciences, USA. + + (This list is chronological, not ordered after significance. If you +have contributed to GMP but are not listed above, please tell + about the omission!) + + +File: gmp.info, Node: References, Next: Concept Index, Prev: Contributors, Up: Top + +References +********** + + * Donald E. Knuth, "The Art of Computer Programming", vol 2, + "Seminumerical Algorithms", 3rd edition, Addison-Wesley, 1988. + + * John D. Lipson, "Elements of Algebra and Algebraic Computing", The + Benjamin Cummings Publishing Company Inc, 1981. + + * Richard M. Stallman, "Using and Porting GCC", Free Software + Foundation, 1999, available online + `http://www.gnu.org/software/gcc/onlinedocs/', and in the GCC + package `ftp://ftp.gnu.org/pub/gnu/gcc/'. + + * Peter L. Montgomery, "Modular Multiplication Without Trial + Division", in Mathematics of Computation, volume 44, number 170, + April 1985. + + * Torbjorn Granlund and Peter L. Montgomery, "Division by Invariant + Integers using Multiplication", in Proceedings of the SIGPLAN + PLDI'94 Conference, June 1994. Available online, + `ftp://ftp.cwi.nl/pub/pmontgom/divcnst.psa4.gz' (and .psl.gz too). + + * Tudor Jebelean, "An algorithm for exact division", Journal of + Symbolic Computation, v. 15, 1993, pp. 169-180. Research report + version available online + `ftp://ftp.risc.uni-linz.ac.at/pub/techreports/1992/92-35.ps.gz' + + * Kenneth Weber, "The accelerated integer GCD algorithm", ACM + Transactions on Mathematical Software, v. 21 (March), 1995, pp. + 111-122. + + * Christoph Burnikel and Joachim Ziegler, "Fast Recursive Division", + Max-Planck-Institut fuer Informatik Research Report + MPI-I-98-1-022, + `http://www.mpi-sb.mpg.de/~ziegler/TechRep.ps.gz'. + + * Alfred J. Menezes, Paul C. van Oorschot and Scott A. Vanstone, + "Handbook of Applied Cryptography", + `http://cacr.math.uwaterloo.ca/hac/'. + + * Henri Cohen, "A Course in Computational Algebraic Number Theory", + Graduate Texts in Mathematics number 138, Springer-Verlag, 1993. + Errata available online + `http://www.math.u-bordeaux.fr/~cohen' + + +File: gmp.info, Node: Concept Index, Next: Function Index, Prev: References, Up: Top + +Concept Index +************* + +* Menu: + +* ABI: ABI and ISA. +* About this manual: Introduction to GMP. +* alloca: Build Options. +* Allocation of memory: Custom Allocation. +* Anonymous FTP of latest version: Getting the Latest Version of GMP. +* Arithmetic functions <1>: Float Arithmetic. +* Arithmetic functions <2>: Rational Arithmetic. +* Arithmetic functions: Integer Arithmetic. +* Assignment functions <1>: Assigning Floats. +* Assignment functions: Assigning Integers. +* Basics: GMP Basics. +* Berkeley MP compatible functions: BSD Compatible Functions. +* Binomial coefficient functions: Number Theoretic Functions. +* Bit manipulation functions: Integer Logic and Bit Fiddling. +* Bit shift left: Integer Arithmetic. +* Bit shift right: Integer Division. +* Bits per limb: Useful Macros and Constants. +* BSD MP compatible functions: BSD Compatible Functions. +* Bug reporting: Reporting Bugs. +* Build notes for binary packaging: Notes for Package Builds. +* Build notes for particular systems: Notes for Particular Systems. +* Build options: Build Options. +* Build problems known: Known Build Problems. +* Comparison functions <1>: Integer Comparisons. +* Comparison functions <2>: Comparing Rationals. +* Comparison functions: Float Comparison. +* Compatibility with older versions: Compatibility with older versions. +* Conditions for copying GNU MP: Copying. +* Configuring GMP: Installing GMP. +* Constants: Useful Macros and Constants. +* Contributors: Contributors. +* Conventions for variables: GMP Variable Conventions. +* Conversion functions <1>: Converting Integers. +* Conversion functions: Converting Floats. +* Copying conditions: Copying. +* CPUs supported: Introduction to GMP. +* Custom allocation: Custom Allocation. +* Demonstration programs: Build Options. +* Division functions <1>: Integer Division. +* Division functions <2>: Rational Arithmetic. +* Division functions: Float Arithmetic. +* Exact division functions: Integer Division. +* Example programs: Build Options. +* Exponentiation functions <1>: Float Arithmetic. +* Exponentiation functions: Integer Exponentiation. +* Extended GCD: Number Theoretic Functions. +* Factorial functions: Number Theoretic Functions. +* Fibonacci sequence functions: Number Theoretic Functions. +* Float arithmetic functions: Float Arithmetic. +* Float assignment functions: Assigning Floats. +* Float comparison functions: Float Comparison. +* Float conversion functions: Converting Floats. +* Float functions: Floating-point Functions. +* Float init and assign functions: Simultaneous Float Init & Assign. +* Float initialization functions: Initializing Floats. +* Float input and output functions: I/O of Floats. +* Float miscellaneous functions: Miscellaneous Float Functions. +* Floating-point functions: Floating-point Functions. +* Floating-point number: Nomenclature and Types. +* FTP of latest version: Getting the Latest Version of GMP. +* Function classes: Function Classes. +* GMP version number: Useful Macros and Constants. +* gmp.h: GMP Basics. +* Greatest common divisor functions: Number Theoretic Functions. +* Home page: Introduction to GMP. +* I/O functions <1>: I/O of Rationals. +* I/O functions <2>: I/O of Integers. +* I/O functions: I/O of Floats. +* Initialization and assignment functions <1>: Initializing Rationals. +* Initialization and assignment functions <2>: Simultaneous Float Init & Assign. +* Initialization and assignment functions: Simultaneous Integer Init & Assign. +* Initialization functions <1>: Initializing Integers. +* Initialization functions: Initializing Floats. +* Input functions <1>: I/O of Floats. +* Input functions <2>: I/O of Rationals. +* Input functions: I/O of Integers. +* Installing GMP: Installing GMP. +* Integer: Nomenclature and Types. +* Integer arithmetic functions: Integer Arithmetic. +* Integer assignment functions: Assigning Integers. +* Integer bit manipulation functions: Integer Logic and Bit Fiddling. +* Integer comparison functions: Integer Comparisons. +* Integer conversion functions: Converting Integers. +* Integer division functions: Integer Division. +* Integer exponentiation functions: Integer Exponentiation. +* Integer functions: Integer Functions. +* Integer init and assign: Simultaneous Integer Init & Assign. +* Integer initialization functions: Initializing Integers. +* Integer input and output functions: I/O of Integers. +* Integer miscellaneous functions: Miscellaneous Integer Functions. +* Integer random number functions: Integer Random Numbers. +* Integer root functions: Integer Roots. +* Introduction: Introduction to GMP. +* ISA: ABI and ISA. +* Jabobi symbol functions: Number Theoretic Functions. +* Kronecker symbol functions: Number Theoretic Functions. +* Latest version of GMP: Getting the Latest Version of GMP. +* Least common multiple functions: Number Theoretic Functions. +* Libtool versioning: Notes for Package Builds. +* Limb: Nomenclature and Types. +* Limb size: Useful Macros and Constants. +* Logical functions: Integer Logic and Bit Fiddling. +* Low-level functions: Low-level Functions. +* Mailing list: Introduction to GMP. +* Memory allocation: Custom Allocation. +* Miscellaneous float functions: Miscellaneous Float Functions. +* Miscellaneous integer functions: Miscellaneous Integer Functions. +* Miscellaneous rational functions: Miscellaneous Rational Functions. +* Modular inverse functions: Number Theoretic Functions. +* mp.h: BSD Compatible Functions. +* Multi-threading: GMP and Reentrancy. +* Nomenclature: Nomenclature and Types. +* Number theoretic functions: Number Theoretic Functions. +* Numerator and denominator: Applying Integer Functions. +* Output functions <1>: I/O of Floats. +* Output functions <2>: I/O of Integers. +* Output functions: I/O of Rationals. +* Packaged builds: Notes for Package Builds. +* Parameter conventions: GMP Variable Conventions. +* Precision of floats: Floating-point Functions. +* Prime testing functions: Number Theoretic Functions. +* Random number functions <1>: Integer Random Numbers. +* Random number functions: Random Number Functions. +* Random number state: Random State Initialization. +* Rational arithmetic functions: Rational Arithmetic. +* Rational comparison functions: Comparing Rationals. +* Rational init and assign: Initializing Rationals. +* Rational input and output functions: I/O of Rationals. +* Rational miscellaneous functions: Miscellaneous Rational Functions. +* Rational number: Nomenclature and Types. +* Rational number functions: Rational Number Functions. +* Rational numerator and denominator: Applying Integer Functions. +* Reentrancy: GMP and Reentrancy. +* References: References. +* Reporting bugs: Reporting Bugs. +* Root extraction functions <1>: Float Arithmetic. +* Root extraction functions: Integer Roots. +* Stack overflow segfaults: Build Options. +* Stripped libraries: Known Build Problems. +* Thread safety: GMP and Reentrancy. +* Types: Nomenclature and Types. +* Upward compatibility: Compatibility with older versions. +* Useful macros and constants: Useful Macros and Constants. +* User-defined precision: Floating-point Functions. +* Variable conventions: GMP Variable Conventions. +* Version number: Useful Macros and Constants. +* Web page: Introduction to GMP.