Annotation of OpenXM_contrib/gnuplot/0FAQ, Revision 1.1.1.1
1.1 maekawa 1: * Please note that this is not the current official FAQ since
2: * I have upgraded the info in answer 4.0 - dd
3: * Made more changes - lh
4:
5: Archive-name: graphics/gnuplot-faq
6: Version: Mon Sep 23 04:23:01 CES 1996
7: Posting-frequency: every 14 days
8: URL: http://www.uni-karlsruhe.de/~ig25/gnuplot-faq/
9:
10: comp.graphics.apps.gnuplot
11:
12: comp.graphics.apps.gnuplot FAQ (Frequent Answered Questions)
13:
14: This is the FAQ (Frequently Answered Questions) list of the
15: comp.graphics.apps.gnuplot newsgroup, which discusses the gnuplot
16: program for plotting 2D - and 3D - graphs.
17:
18: Most of the information in this document came from public discussion
19: on comp.graphics.apps.gnuplot; quotations are believed to be in the
20: public domain.
21:
22: If you are reading this via WWW, and you can't access the individual
23: pages, please select here, then try again.
24:
25: Here's a list of the questions. If you are looking for the answer for
26: a specific question, look for the string Qx.x: at the beginning of a
27: line, with x.x being the question number. Sections in this FAQ are
28: * 0. Meta-Questions
29: * 1. General Information
30: * 2. Setting it up
31: * 3. Working with it
32: * 4. Wanted features
33: * 5. Miscellaneous
34: * 6. Making life easier
35: * 7. Known problems
36: * 8. Credits
37:
38:
39: Questions:
40:
41: Section 0: Meta - Questions
42:
43: * Q0.1: Where do I get this document?
44: * Q0.2: Where do I send comments about this document?
45:
46: Section 1: General Information
47:
48: * Q1.1: What is gnuplot?
49: * Q1.2: How did it come about and why is it called gnuplot?
50: * Q1.3: Does gnuplot have anything to do with the FSF and the
51: GNU project?
52: * Q1.4: What does gnuplot offer?
53: * Q1.5: Is gnuplot suitable for batch processing?
54: * Q1.6: Can I run gnuplot on my computer?
55:
56: Section 2: Setting it up
57:
58: * Q2.1: What is the current version of gnuplot?
59: * Q2.2: Where can I get gnuplot?
60: * Q2.3: How do I get gnuplot to compile on my system?
61: * Q2.4: What documentation is there, and how do I get it?
62:
63: Section 3: Working with it
64:
65: * Q3.1: How do I get help?
66: * Q3.2: How do I print out my graphs?
67: * Q3.3: How do I include my graphs in <word processor>?
68: * Q3.4: How do I post-process a gnuplot graph?
69: * Q3.5: How do I change symbol size, line thickness and the
70: like?
71: * Q3.6: How do I generate plots in GIF format?
72:
73: Section 4: Wanted features
74:
75: * Q4.0: What's new in gnuplot 3.7?
76: * Q4.1: Does gnuplot have hidden line removal?
77: * Q4.2: Does gnuplot support bar-charts/histograms/boxes?
78: * Q4.3: Does gnuplot support multiple y-axes on a single plot?
79: * Q4.4: Can I put multiple plots on a single page?
80: * Q4.5: Can I put both data files and commands into a single
81: file?
82: * Q4.6: Can I put Greek letters and super/subscripts into my
83: labels?
84: * Q4.7 Can I do 1:1 scaling of axes?
85: * Q4.8: Can I put tic marks for x and y axes into 3d plots?
86: * Q4.9: Does gnuplot support a driver for <graphics format>?
87: * Q4.10: Can I put different text sizes into my plots?
88: * Q4.11: How do I modify gnuplot?
89: * Q4.12: How do I skip data points?
90:
91: Section 5: Miscellaneous
92:
93: * Q5.1: I've found a bug, what do I do?
94: * Q5.2: Can I use gnuplot routines for my own programs?
95: * Q5.3: What extensions have people made to gnuplot? Where can I
96: get them?
97: * Q5.4: Can I do heavy-duty data processing with gnuplot?
98: * Q5.5: I have ported gnuplot to another system, or patched it.
99: What do I do?
100: * Q5.6: I want to help in developing gnuplot 3.7. What can I do?
101:
102: Section 6: Making life easier
103:
104: * Q6.1: How do I plot two functions in non-overlapping regions?
105: * Q6.2: How do I run my data through a filter before plotting?
106: * Q6.3: How do I make it easier to use gnuplot with LaTeX?
107: * Q6.4: How do I save and restore my settings?
108: * Q6.5: How do I plot lines (not grids) using splot?
109: * Q6.6: How do I plot a function f(x,y) which is bounded by
110: other functions in the x-y plain?
111: * Q6.7: How do I get rid of <feature in a plot>?
112: * Q6.8: How do I call gnuplot from my own programs ?
113:
114: Section 7: Known Problems
115:
116: * Q7.1: Gnuplot is not plotting any points under X11! How come?
117: * Q7.2: My isoline data generated by a Fortran program is not
118: handled correctly. What can I do?
119: * Q7.3: Why does gnuplot ignore my very small numbers?
120: * Q7.4: Gnuplot is plotting nothing when run via gnuplot
121: <filename>! What can I do?
122: * Q7.5: My formulas are giving me nonsense results! What's going
123: on?
124: * Q7.6: My Linux gnuplot complains about a missing gnuplot_x11.
125: What is wrong?
126: * Q7.7: set output 'filename' isn't outputting everything it
127: should!
128:
129: Section 8: Credits
130:
131: Section 0: Meta-Questions.
132:
133: Q0.1: Where do I get this document?
134: This document is posted about once every two weeks to the
135: newsgroups comp.graphics.apps.gnuplot, comp.answers and
136: news.answers. Like many other FAQ's, its newest (plaintext)
137: version is available via anonymous ftp from
138: ftp://rtfm.mit.edu/pub/usenet/news.answers/graphics/gnuplot
139: -faq.
140:
141: If you have access to the WWW, you can get the newest version
142: of this document from
143: http://www.uni-karlsruhe.de/~ig25/gnuplot-faq/
144:
145: Q0.2: Where do I send comments about this document?
146: Send comments, suggestions etc. via e-mail to Thomas
147: Koenig, Thomas.Koenig@ciw.uni-karlsruhe.de or
148: ig25@dkauni2.bitnet.
149:
150:
151: Section 1: General Information
152:
153: Q1.1: What is gnuplot?
154: Gnuplot is a command-driven interactive function plotting
155: program. It can be used to plot functions and data points in
156: both two- and three- dimensional plots in many different
157: formats, and will accommodate many of the needs of today's
158: scientists for graphic data representation. Gnuplot is
159: copyrighted, but freely distributable; you don't have to pay
160: for it.
161:
162: Q1.2: How did it come about and why is it called gnuplot?
163: The authors of gnuplot are:
164:
165: Thomas Williams, Colin Kelley, Russell Lang, Dave Kotz, John
166: Campbell, Gershon Elber, Alexander Woo and many others.
167:
168: The following quote comes from Thomas Williams:
169:
170: I was taking a differential equation class and Colin was taking
171: Electromagnetics, we both thought it'd be helpful to visualize the
172: mathematics behind them. We were both working as sys admin for an
173: EE VLSI lab, so we had the graphics terminals and the time to do
174: some coding. The posting was better received than we expected, and
175: prompted us to add some, albeit lame, support for file data.
176:
177: Any reference to GNUplot is incorrect. The real name of the program
178: is "gnuplot". You see people use "Gnuplot" quite a bit because many
179: of us have an aversion to starting a sentence with a lower case
180: letter, even in the case of proper nouns and titles. Gnuplot is not
181: related to the GNU project or the FSF in any but the most
182: peripheral sense. Our software was designed completely
183: independently and the name "gnuplot" was actually a compromise. I
184: wanted to call it "llamaplot" and Colin wanted to call it "nplot."
185: We agreed that "newplot" was acceptable but, we then discovered
186: that there was an absolutely ghastly pascal program of that name
187: that the Computer Science Dept. occasionally used. I decided that
188: "gnuplot" would make a nice pun and after a fashion Colin agreed.
189:
190: Q1.3: Does gnuplot have anything to do with the FSF and the GNU
191: project?
192: Gnuplot is neither written nor maintained by the FSF. It is not
193: covered by the General Public License, either.
194:
195: However, the FSF has decided to distribute gnuplot as part of
196: the GNU system, because it is useful, redistributable software.
197:
198: Q1.4: What does gnuplot offer?
199:
200: + Plotting of two-dimensional functions and data points in many
201: different styles (points, lines, error bars)
202: + plotting of three-dimensional data points and surfaces in
203: many different styles (contour plot, mesh).
204: + support for complex arithmetic
205: + self - defined functions
206: + support for a large number of operating systems, graphics
207: file formats and devices
208: + extensive on-line help
209: + labels for title, axes, data points
210: + command line editing and history on most platforms
211:
212: Q1.5: Is gnuplot suitable for batch processing?
213: Yes. You can read in files from the command line, or you can
214: redirect your standard input to read from a file. Both data and
215: command files can be generated automatically, from data
216: acquisition programs or whatever else you use.
217:
218: Q1.6: Can I run gnuplot on my computer?
219: Gnuplot is available for a number of platforms. These are: Unix
220: (X11 and NeXTSTEP), VAX/VMS, OS/2, MS-DOS, Amiga, MS-Windows,
221: OS-9/68k, Atari ST and the Macintosh. Modifications for NEC
222: PC-9801 are said to exist (where?).
223:
224:
225: Section 2: Setting it up
226:
227: Q2.1: What is the current version of gnuplot?
228: The current version of gnuplot is 3.7, which has many
229: improvements over 3.5
230:
231: Q2.2: Where can I get gnuplot?
232: All of the later addresses refer to ftp sites. Please note that
233: it is preferable for you to use the symbolic name, rather than
234: the IP address given in brackets, because that address is much
235: more subject to change.
236:
237: The official distribution site for the gnuplot source is
238: ftp.dartmouth.edu [129.170.16.4, soon to be 129.170.8.11],
239: the file is called /pub/gnuplot/gnuplot-3.7.tar.Z. Official
240: mirrors of that distribution are (for Australia)
241: ftp.monash.edu.au [130.194.11.18] and (for Europe)
242: ftp.irisa.fr [131.254.254.10]. You can also get it from your
243: friendly neighbourhood comp.sources.misc archive.
244:
245: MS-DOS and MS-Windows binaries are available from
246:
247: + oak.oakland.edu (North America) [141.210.10.117] as
248: /Simtel/msdos/plot/gpt35*.zip,
249: + garbo.uwasa.fi (Europe) [193.166.120.5] as
250: /pc/plot/gpt35*.zip and
251: + archie.au (Australia) [139.130.4.6] as
252: micros/pc/oak/plot/gpt35*.zip.
253:
254: The files are: gpt35doc.zip, gpt35exe.zip, gpt35src.zip and
255: gpt35win.zip.
256:
257: There is a special MS-DOS version for 386 or better processors;
258: it is available from the official gnuplot sites as DOS34.zip.
259:
260: OS/2 2.x binaries are at ftp-os2.nmsu.edu [128.123.35.151],
261: in /os2/2.x/unix/gnuplt35.zip.
262:
263: Amiga sources and binaries are available from ftp.wustl.edu
264: [128.252.135.4] as /pub/aminet/util/gnu/gnuplot-3.5.lha; there
265: are numerous mirrors of this distribution, for example
266: ftp.uni-kl.de, oes.orst.edu or ftp.luth.se.
267:
268: The NeXTSTEP front end can be found at
269: ftp://next-ftp.peak.org/pub/next/binaries/plotting/ as
270: Gnuplot1.2_bin.tar.Z.
271:
272: A version for OS-9/68K can be found at cabrales.cs.wisc.edu
273: [128.105.36.20] as /pub/OSK/GRAPHICS/gnuplot32x.tar.Z; it
274: includes both X-Windows and non - X-windows versions.
275:
276: There is a version for the Macintosh at
277: ftp://ftp.ee.gatech.edu/pub/mac/gnuplot/ which includes
278: binaries for 68000-based Macs with and without FPU and native
279: support for PowerMacs.
280:
281: Versions for the Atari ST and TT, which include some GEM
282: windowing support, are available from
283: ftp://ftp.uni-kl.de/pub/atari/graphics/, as gplt35st.zip
284: and gplt35tt.zip. They work best under MiNT.
285:
286: Executable files, plus documentation in Japanese, exist for the
287: X680x0 on
288: ftp://ftp.csis.oita-u.ac.jp/pub/x68k/fj.binaries.x68000/vol
289: 2.
290:
291: People without ftp access can use an ftp-mail server; send a
292: message saying 'help' to bitftp@pucc.bitnet (for BITNET only)
293: or to ftpmail@ftp.dartmouth.edu.
294:
295: For a uuencoded copy of the the gnuplot sources (compressed tar
296: file), send this as the body of a message to
297: ftpmail@ftp.dartmouth.edu:
298:
299:
300: open
301: cd pub/gnuplot
302: mode binary
303: get gnuplot3.5.tar.Z
304: quit
305:
306: If you have some problem, you might need to stick
307:
308: reply-to <your-email-address-here>
309:
310: before all the above.
311:
312: It is a good idea to look for a nearby ftp site when
313: downloading things. You can use archie for this. See if an
314: archie client is installed at your system (by simply typing
315: archie at the command prompt), or send mail to archie@sura.net
316: with the word 'help' in both the subject line and the body of
317: the mail. However, be aware that the version you find at a near
318: ftp site may well be out of date; check the last modification
319: date and the number of bytes against the newest release at one
320: of the official servers.
321:
322: Q2.3: How do I get gnuplot to compile on my system?
323: As you would any other installation. Read the files README and
324: README.Install, edit the Makefile according to taste, and run
325: make or whatever is suitable for your operating system.
326:
327: If you get a complaint about a missing file libplot.a or
328: something similar when building gnuplot for X11, remove
329: -DUNIXPLOT from the TERMFLAGS= line, remove -lplot from the
330: DTBS= line and run again. If you are making X11 on a sun, type
331: 'make x11_sun'.
332:
333: For compiling gnuplot under Irix 5.2 and Irix 5.3, there is a
334: patch in the file lvs.zip in the contrib directory at
335: ftp.dartmouth.edu.
336:
337: Q2.4: What documentation is there, and how do I get it?
338: The documentation is included in the source distribution. Look
339: at the docs subdirectory, where you'll find
340:
341: + a Unix man page, which says how to start gnuplot
342: + a help file, which also can be printed as a manual
343: + a tutorial on using gnuplot with LaTeX
344: + a quick reference summary sheet for TeX only
345:
346: PostScript copies of the documentation can be ftp'd from
347: ftp.dartmouth.edu, in pub/gnuplot, as manual.ps.Z and
348: tutorial.ps.Z
349:
350: Andy Liaw and Dick Crawford have written a 16-page user's
351: guide. It is available from
352: ftp://picard.tamu.edu/pub/gnuplot/ as gptug.tex (also get
353: example.tex from the same directory), gptug.dvi or gptug.ps.
354:
355: At the same site, there's a two- page instruction sheet for the
356: enhpost PostScript driver (see Q4.6 ) as enhpost.guide.ps
357: and a short guide to gnuplot PostScript files, as gp-ps.doc.
358:
359: A Chinese translation of the gnuplot manual can be found on
360: ftp://servers.nctu.edu.tw/misc/environment/NCTU_EV/classnot
361: e/gnuplot.ps.gz .
362:
363: There is a WWW hompepage for gnuplot at
364: http://www.cs.dartmouth.edu/gnuplot_info.html, which
365: includes the reference manual and a demo.
366:
367: There are two more Chinese documents about gnuplot: a 72 - page
368: User's guide
369: ftp://phi.sinica.edu.tw/pub/aspac/doc/94/94002.ps.gz and a
370: 28 - page Touring Guide
371: ftp://phi.sinica.edu.tw/pub/aspac/doc/95/95006.ps.gz. Both
372: documents are in PostScript format and gzipped.
373:
374:
375: Section 3: Working with it
376:
377: Q3.1: How do I get help?
378: Give the 'help' command at the initial prompt. After that, keep
379: looking through the keywords. Good starting points are 'plot'
380: and 'set'.
381:
382: Read the manual, if you have it.
383:
384: Look through the demo subdirectory; it should give you some
385: ideas.
386:
387: Ask your colleagues, the system administrator or the person who
388: set up gnuplot.
389:
390: Post a question to comp.graphics.apps.gnuplot or send mail
391: to the gatewayed mailing list info-gnuplot@dartmouth.edu. If
392: you want to subscribe to the mailing list, send a mail to
393: majordomo@dartmouth.edu with the body of the message being
394: 'subscribe info-gnuplot'. Please don't do this if you can get
395: comp.graphics.apps.gnuplot directly. If you pose a
396: question there, it is considered good form to solicit e-mail
397: replies and post a summary.
398:
399: Q3.2: How do I print out my graphs?
400: The kind of output produced is determined by the 'set terminal'
401: command; for example, 'set terminal postscript' will produce
402: the graph in PostScript format. Output can be redirected using
403: the 'set output' command.
404:
405: As an example, the following prints out a graph of sin(x) on a
406: Unix machine running the X Window system.
407:
408:
409: gnuplot> plot [-6:6] sin(x)
410: gnuplot> set terminal postscript
411: Terminal type set to 'postscript'
412: Options are 'landscape monochrome "Courier" 14'
413: gnuplot> set output "sin.ps"
414: gnuplot> replot
415: gnuplot> set output # set output back to default
416: gnuplot> set terminal x11 # ditto for terminal type
417: gnuplot> ! lp -ops sin.ps # print PS File (site dependent)
418: request id is lprint-3433 (standard input)
419: lp: printed file sin.ps on fg20.rz.uni-karlsruhe.de (5068 Byte)
420: !
421: gnuplot>
422:
423: Q3.3: How do I include my graphs in <word processor>?
424: Basically, you save your plot to a file in a format your word
425: processor can understand (using "set term" and "set output",
426: see above), and then you read in the plot from your word
427: processor.
428:
429: Details depend on the kind of word processor you use; use "set
430: term" to get a list of available file formats.
431:
432: Many word processors can use Encapsulated PostScript for
433: graphs. This can be generated by the "set terminal postscript
434: eps" command. Most MS-DOS word processors understand HPGL
435: (terminal type hpgl).
436:
437: With TeX, it depends on what you use to print your dvi files.
438: If you use dvips or dvi2ps, you can use Encapsulated
439: PostScript. For emTeX (popular for MS-DOS), you can use emTeX,
440: otherwise use the LaTeX terminal type, which generates a
441: picture environment.
442:
443: If nothing else helps, try using the pgm or ppm format and
444: converting it to a bitmap format your favourite word processor
445: can understand. An invaluable tool for this is Jef Poskanzer's
446: PBMPLUS package.
447:
448: The PBMPLUS package is available in the contrib distribution
449: for the X Window System. The original site for this is
450: ftp://ftp.x.org/contrib/. There are many mirrors, e.g.
451: ftp://ftp.th-darmstadt.de/pub/X11/contrib/ or .
452: ftp://sunsite.unc.edu/pub/X11/contrib/.
453:
454: The most recent release of pbm by the author is dated December
455: 91 and is called pbmplus10dec91.tar.Z
456:
457: There is new version including lots of patches from the net
458: that is not maintained by the author called netpbm, with the
459: newest version called netpbm-7dec1993.tar.gz.
460:
461: Check archie (see Q2.2 ) for an archive site near you.
462:
463: Q3.4: How do I post-process a gnuplot graph?
464: This depends on the terminal type you use.
465:
466: You can use the terminal type fig (you may need to recompile
467: gnuplot to enable this terminal type, by putting #define FIG
468: into <term.h>), and use the xfig drawing program to edit the
469: plot afterwards.
470:
471: For PostScript output, you may be able to use the pstotgif
472: script (which calls GhostScript) to convert PostScript into the
473: format of the tgif drawing program. Tgif is also able to save
474: in PostScript format.
475:
476: Both tgif and xfig can be obtained from the X Window contrib
477: distribution (see Q3.3).
478:
479: Another possibility for modifying PostScript output appears to
480: be IslandDraw, a commercial drawing program for UNIX
481: workstations.
482:
483: For Windows, there is another alternative, PageDraw. It can
484: post-process AI (Adobe Illustrator) files, and has a converter
485: from PostScript to AI. It can be downloaded from
486: http://www.wix.com/PageDraw/.
487:
488: Q3.5: How do I change symbol size, line thickness and the like?
489: Again, this depends on the terminal type. For PostScript, you
490: can edit the generated PostScript file. An overview of what
491: means what in the PostScript files gnuplot generates can be
492: found at ftp://picard.tamu.edu/pub/gnuplot/ as gs-ps.doc.
493: A general introduction to PostScript can be found at
494: ftp://unix.hensa.ac.uk/pub/misc/ukc.reports/comp.sci/repor
495: ts/ as 11-92.ps.Z.
496:
497: Q3.6: How do I generate plots in GIF format?
498: In gnuplot version 3.5, use the pbm terminal and use the
499: PBMPLUS package or other utilities to convert the resulting
500: bitmap (see Q 3.3 for how to get the PBMPLUS package).
501:
502: From 3.7 on, there is a gif terminal.
503:
504:
505: Section 4: Wanted features
506:
507: Q4.0: What's new in gnuplot 3.7?
508: Please refer to the NEWS file in the source distribution.
509:
510: Q4.1: Does gnuplot have hidden line removal?
511: Version 3.5 supports hidden line removal on all platforms
512: except MS-DOS; use the command
513:
514:
515: set hidden3d
516:
517: If someone can solve the 64K DGROUP memory problem, gnuplot would
518: support hidden line removal on MS-DOS as well. Version 3.2
519: supports limited hidden line removal.
520:
521: Q4.2: Does gnuplot support bar-charts/histograms/boxes?
522: As of version 3.4, it does; use the style "with boxes" for bar
523: charts. To get filled boxes, you can try a modification by
524: Steve Cumming, available via ftp from
525: ftp://grebe.geog.ubc.ca/pub/gnuplot as box.tar.
526:
527: Q4.3: Does gnuplot support multiple y-axes on a single plot?
528: Yes, with two unofficial mods, multiplot.shar and borders.shar.
529: They can be obtained from
530: ftp://ftp.dartmouth.edu/pub/gnuplot/contrib/multi_woo.zip
531: or ftp://ftp.cygnus.edu/incoming/gpx38.zip.
532:
533: Also, 3.7 supports this capability.
534:
535: Q4.4: Can I put multiple plots on a single page?
536: Yes, with the multiplot.shar mod, or if you are running gnuplot
537: 3.7. If you are using PostScript output, check out mpage, which
538: can be ftp'd from ftp.eng.umd.edu:pub/misc/mpage-2.tar.Z
539:
540: Q4.5: Can I put both data files and commands into a single file?
541: This feature is in gnuplot 3.7.
542:
543: Q4.6: Can I put Greek letters and super/subscripts into my labels?
544: You might try using the LaTeX terminal type and putting text
545: like \alpha_{3} into it.
546:
547: David Denholm has written a PostScript terminal which allows
548: for super/and subscripts, such as a^x or {/Symbol a }. Ftp to
549: sotona.phys.soton.ac.uk [152.78.192.42] and get enhpost.trm,
550: written by David Denholm and Matt Heffron. To install it,
551: follow the instructions at the top of the file, then recompile.
552: enhpost is also included in gnuplot 3.7.
553:
554: Q4.7: Can I do 1:1 scaling of axes?
555: Not easily in 3.5; in 3.7, you can use "set size square".
556:
557: Q4.8: Can I put tic marks for x and y axes into 3d plots?
558: In version 3.5, you can; use the "with boxes" option.
559:
560: Q4.9: Does gnuplot support a driver for <graphics format>?
561: To see a list of the available graphic drivers for your
562: installation of gnuplot, type "set term".
563:
564: Some graphics drivers are included in the normal distribution,
565: but are uncommented by default. If you want to use them, you'll
566: have to change ~gnuplot/term.h, and recompile.
567:
568: Q4.10: Can I put different text sizes into my plots?
569: If you use PostScript output, you can use Dave Denholm's and
570: Matt Heffron's updated PostScript driver,
571: /sotona.phys.soton.ac.uk:/enhpost.trm (see also Q4.6 ).
572: Else, use 3.7.
573:
574: Q4.11 How do I modify gnuplot, and apply 'patches'?
575: For this, you will need to recompile gnuplot.
576:
577: Modifications people make are either done by replacing files,
578: such as terminal drivers, or by 'patching'. If a file is a
579: replacement, it will probably tell you in its README or in the
580: lines at the beginning.
581:
582: To patch a file, you need Larry Wall's patch utility. On many
583: UNIX systems, it is already installed; do a man patch to check.
584: If it isn't, you'll have to get it; it can be found wherever
585: GNU software is archived.
586:
587: Q4.12 How do I skip data points?
588: By specifying ? as a data value, as in
589:
590:
591: 1 2
592: 2 3
593: 3 ?
594: 4 5
595:
596: Q4.13 How do I plot every nth point?
597: You can apply the patch point_skip from the contrib section
598: (see Q5.3 or, assuming you have awk installed on your
599: system, you can use the following line:
600:
601:
602: gnuplot> plot "< awk '{if(NR%5==0)print}' file.dat"
603:
604: plots every 5th line, and
605:
606: gnuplot> plot "< awk '$0 !~ /^#/ {if(NR%40==0)print $1, $4}' file.dat"
607:
608: plots every 40th line while skipping commented lines.
609:
610:
611: Section 5: Miscellaneous
612:
613: Q5.1: I've found a bug, what do I do?
614: First, try to see whether it actually is a bug, or whether it
615: is a feature which may be turned off by some obscure set -
616: command.
617:
618: Next, see wether you have an old version of gnuplot; if you do,
619: chances are the bug has been fixed in a newer release.
620:
621: If, after checking these things, you still are convinced that
622: there is a bug, proceed as follows. If you have a fairly
623: general sort of bug report, posting to
624: comp.graphics.apps.gnuplot is probably the way to go. If
625: you have investigated a problem in detail, especially if you
626: have a context diff that fixes the problem, please e-email a
627: report to bug-gnuplot@dartmouth.edu. The bug-gnuplot list is
628: for reporting and collecting bug fixes, the
629: comp.graphics.apps.gnuplot newsgroup will be more help for
630: finding work arounds or actually solving gnuplot related
631: problems. If you do send in a bug report, be sure and include
632: the version of gnuplot (including patchlevel), terminal driver,
633: operating system, an exact description of the bug and input
634: which can reproduce the bug. Also, any context diffs should be
635: referenced against the latest official version of gnuplot if at
636: all possible.
637:
638: Q5.2: Can I use gnuplot routines for my own programs?
639: Yes. John Campbell <jdc@nauvax.ucc.nau.edu> has written
640: gplotlib, a version of gnuplot as C subroutines callable from a
641: C program. This is available as gplotlib.tar.Z on the machine
642: ftp.nau.edu in the directory /pub/gplotlib.tar.Z. This library
643: has been updated to be compatible with version 3.5.
644:
645: Q5.3: What extensions have people made to gnuplot? Where can I get
646: them?
647: __Extensions are available from
648: ftp://ftp.dartmouth.edu/pub/gnuplot/contrib/ . It contains
649: the following files:
650:
651: Point Skips
652:
653: + _Data Filtering_ Instead of just having two params
654: following the style param, there are now 4:
655: o 1: line_type
656: o 2: point_type
657: o 3: point_skip - gives the number of data samples per
658: plotted point
659: o 4: point_offs - gives the sample number on which to plot
660: the first point
661: Thus points are plotted only for the samples n satisfying n =
662: point_skip*i + point_offs for some non-negative integer i.
663: From:
664: pixar!sun!prony.Colorado.EDU!clarkmp@ucbvax.berkeley.edu
665: (Michael Clark)
666: + _Point Skip with Awk_ With UNIX,
667:
668: gnuplot> plot "< awk '{if(NR%5==0)print$0}' file.dat"
669: From: James Darrell McCauley, mccauley@ecn.purdue.edu
670: + _New Xlib mods._ From: gregg hanna
671: (gregor@kafka.saic.com)
672:
673: Vectors and Arrows
674: + _Program to convert lines to vectors_ This program turns
675: line segments into line segments with a half-arrow at the
676: head: by uncommenting two lines below, the arrowhead will be
677: a triangle. optional arguments: size angle where size is a
678: fraction of each vector's magnitude and angle is in degrees
679: all data taken from standard input, and output to standard
680: output. typical invocation:
681:
682: arrow 0.2 15 <vector.lin >vector.heads
683: From: andrew@jarthur.claremont.edu (Andrew M. Ross)
684: + _Vect2gp_, an awk script to make gnuplot command script
685: to draw a vector field map. From: hiro@ice3.ori.u-tokyo.ac.jp
686: (Yasu-Hiro YAMAZAKI)
687: + _GNUPLOT to SIPP_ This is a "far from perfect" converter
688: that takes gnuplot table output and splits it in polygons.
689: Then it calls sipp to render it. You get sipp from
690: isy.liu.se:/pub/sipp or ask archie. From:
691: chammer@POST.uni-bielefeld.de (Carsten Hammer)
692:
693: Histograms and Pie Charts
694: + _Histogram C program_ The short C program below is a
695: filter that calculates a histogram from a sequence of numbers
696: and prints the output in such a format that Gnuplot can plot
697: the histogram by the command sequence
698:
699: !histogram < datain > tmp;
700: plot "tmp" with impulses
701: From: mustafa@seas.smu.edu (Mustafa Kocaturk)
702: + _HG_ is an automatic histogram generator. it reads a
703: column of data from an input file and emits a [log] histogram
704: ks does ks or chi^2 tests on a set of input arrays. you need
705: the "numerical recipes in C" library somewhere on your system
706: to link this one. I can not undertake to fix bugs or add
707: features, but I might do it if asked. From: Steve Cumming
708: stevec@geog.ubc.ca
709: + _Piechart C program_ The short C program below formats
710: data for display as a piechart. From: mccauley@ecn.purdue.edu
711: (James Darrell McCauley)
712:
713: Interprocess Communications
714: + _Notes of Windows Hooks_ From: Maurice
715: Castro,maurice@bruce.cs.monash.edu.au
716: + _Named Pipes Example _From:
717: dtaber@deathstar.risc.rockwell.com (Don Taber)
718: + _PipeLib_ What the library does is set up to 20 programs
719: going (like gnuplot), then allows you to send to them as if
720: the program were typing on the command line. I've included a
721: brief set of docs after the source code, in latex format.
722: There is no facility to watch the output of a program. From:
723: ssclift@neumann.uwaterloo.ca (Simon Clift)
724: + _Popen example from lsqrfit_ The following function
725: sends a command to gnuplot. Gnuplot will execute the command
726: just as if you typed it at the gnuplot command line. This
727: example is adapted from my least squares fitting program
728: which is located at ftp.cdrom.com in
729: pub/os2/2_x/unix/lsqrft14.zip. Complete source is included.
730: From: michael@krypton.mit.edu (Michael Courtney)
731:
732: Multiple logical plots on a single page
733: + _Gawk script for multiple encapsulated postscript on a
734: page_ It's slightly more flexible than mpage, because it
735: changes the aspect ratio of the plots; mpage according to the
736: documentation only allows 1, 2, 4, or 8 plots on a page. This
737: script works for unix with encapsulated postscript (eps)
738: output. It should work with gawk or nawk, although I've only
739: tested it with gawk. (Gawk is GNU's version of awk and is
740: available from prep.ai.mit.edu.) You just specify how many
741: rows and columns of plots you want and it does the rest. For
742: example, gnuplot_eps rows=3 cols=2 *.eps | lpr will print all
743: eps files in your current directory with 6 on a page. Also,
744: see the comments in the file. From:
745: holt@goethe.cns.caltech.edu (Gary Holt)
746: + _Sed script for multiple encapsulated postscript on a
747: page_ You have MULTIPLE postscript files each containing a
748: single plot. From: wgchoe@scoupe.postech.ac.kr (Choe Won Gyu)
749: + _Massive patch_ with add multiplotcapability to all
750: devices and a lot more. The reason it is offered in this form
751: is because the original multiplot.pat did not patch correctly
752: into gnuplot version 3.5. This mod also add borders options,
753: financial plots, multiple line titles and other asundry
754: items. Use at your own risk. Look at the top of makefile.r
755: for a more complete list of changes.
756: From: Alex Woo, woo@playfair.stanford.edu
757:
758: lvs.zip
759: This contains miscellaneous, modifications, which include:
760: + Label positioning using either plot or device-relative
761: coodinates
762: + Portability to Irix-5.2 and Irix-5.3
763: + The "thru" keyword has been extended to include "thrux" for
764: the X - Coordinate
765: + Capability to read a ordinary Fortran-style unformatted file
766: + A Perl script for better handling of eps
767: + Modifications to docs/doc2info to generate "next", "prev",
768: and "up" data for each node.
769: + Changes in the documentation to reflect the above.
770:
771: Miscellaneous Mods
772: + _Congp3d3_ is a preprocessor to draw contour plots on
773: irregular regions. From: mrb2@nrc.gov (Margaret Rose Byrne)
774: + _Sockpipe_ is a socket based pipe needed for the
775: Stardent OS. From: Mike Hallesy, Stardent Computer Product
776: Support, hal@stardent.com
777: + _Time Series_ is a patch to add multiline titles and
778: labels, time series x and y data and tic marks, and automatic
779: resizing of plots and much more. From: Hans Olav Eggestad,
780: olav@jordforsk.nlh.no
781:
782: Other Operationing Systems
783: + _MacIntosh Port of Version 3.2_ From: Noboru Yamamoto,
784: sun!kekvax.kek.jp!YAMAMOTO@pixar.com
785: + _MacIntosh Port of Version 3.5_ From:
786: laval@londres.cma.fr (Philippe LAVAL)
787: + _OS-9 Port of Version 3.2_
788:
789:
790: Q5.4: Can I do heavy - duty data processing with gnuplot?
791: Gnuplot alone is not suited very well for this. One thing you
792: might try is fudgit, an interactive multi-purpose fitting
793: program written by Martin-D. Lacasse
794: (isaac@frodo.physics.mcgill.ca). It can use gnuplot as its
795: graphics back end and is available from ftp.physics.mcgill.ca
796: in /pub/Fudgit/fudgit_2.33.tar.Z [132.206.9.13], and from the
797: main Linux server, tsx-11.mit.edu [18.172.1.2] and its numerous
798: mirrors around the world as
799: /pub/linux/sources/usr.bin/fudgit-2.33.tar.z. Versions are
800: available for AIX, Data General, HP-UX, IRIX 4, Linux, NeXT,
801: Sun3, Sun4, Ultrix, OS/2 and MS-DOS. The MS-DOS version is
802: available on simtel20 mirrors (simtel20 itself has closed down)
803: in the "math" subdirectory as fudg_231.zip.
804:
805: Carsten Grammes has written a fitting program which goes
806: together with gnuplot; it is called gnufit and is available
807: from the official gnuplot sites, as the files gnufit12.info,
808: gnufit12.tar.gz (source) and gft12dos.zip (MS-DOS). It has been
809: merged into gnuplot 3.7.
810:
811: Michael Courtney has written a program called lsqrft, which
812: uses the Levenberg - Marquardt - Algorithm for fitting data to
813: a function. It is avialiable from ftp.cdrom.com as
814: /pub/os2/2_x/unix/lsqrft13.zip; sources, which should compile
815: on Unix, and executables for MS-DOS and OS/2 2.x are included.
816: There is an interface to the OS/2 presentation manager.
817:
818: You might also want to look at the applications developed by
819: the Software Tools Group (STG) at the National Center for
820: Supercomputing Applications. Ftp to ftp.ncsa.uiuc.edu
821: [141.142.20.50] and get the file README.BROCHURE for more
822: information.
823:
824: You can also try pgperl, an integration of the PGPLOT plotting
825: package with Perl 5. Information can be found at
826: http://www.ast.cam.ac.uk/~kgb/pgperl.html, the source is
827: available from ftp://ftp.ast.cam.ac.uk/pub/kgb/pgperl/ or
828: ftp://linux.nrao.edu/pub/packages/pgperl/.
829:
830: Another possibility is Octave. To quote from its README: Octave
831: is a high-level language, primarily intended for numerical
832: computations. It provides a convenient command line interface
833: for solving linear and nonlinear problems numerically.
834:
835: The latest released version of Octave is always available via
836: anonymous ftp from bevo.che.wisc.edu in the directory
837: /pub/octave.
838:
839: Q5.5: I have ported gnuplot to another system, or patched it. What do
840: I do?
841: If your patch is small, mail it to bug-gnuplot@dartmouth.edu,
842: with a thorough description of what the patch is supposed to
843: do, which version of gnuplot it is relative to, etc. Also, you
844: can send notification of the patch to the FAQ maintainer, if
845: you want a mention. Please don't send the patch itself to me
846: :-)
847:
848: If your modifications are extensive (such as a port to another
849: system), upload your modifications to
850: ftp://ftp.dartmouth.edu/pub/dropoff. Please drop a note to
851: David.Kotz@dartmouth.edu, the maintainer of the gnuplot
852: subdirectory there, plus a note to bug-gnuplot@dartmouth.edu.
853:
854: Q5.6: I want to help in developing gnuplot 3.7. What can I do?
855: Join the gnuplot beta test mailing list by sending a mail
856: containing the line
857:
858:
859: subscribe info-gnuplot-beta
860:
861: in the body (not the subject) of the mail to Majordomo@Dartmouth.EDU.
862:
863:
864: Section 6: Making life easier
865:
866: Q6.1: How do I plot two functions in non - overlapping regions?
867: Use a parametric plot. An example:
868:
869:
870: set parametric
871: a=1
872: b=3
873: c=2
874: d=4
875: x1(t) = a+(b-a)*t
876: x2(t) = c+(d-c)*t
877: f1(x) = sin(x)
878: f2(x) = x**2/8
879: plot [t=0:1] x1(t),f1(x1(t)) title "f1", x2(t), f2(x2(t)) title "f2"
880:
881: Q6.2: How do I run my data through a filter before plotting?
882: If your system supports the popen() function, as Unix does, you
883: should be able to run the output through another process, for
884: example a short awk program, such as
885:
886:
887: gnuplot> plot "< awk ' { print $1, $3/$2 } ' file.in"
888:
889: Unfortunately, in 3.2, there is a rather short limitation on the
890: maximum argument length, so your command line may be truncated
891: (usually, this will mean that awk cannot find the filename).
892: Also, you may need to escape the $ - characters in your awk
893: programs.
894:
895: As of version 3.4, gnuplot includes the thru - keyword for the
896: plot command for running data files through a gnuplot - defined
897: function.
898:
899: You can also get divhack.patch from
900: sotona.phys.soton.ac.uk[152.78.192.42] via anonymous ftp. It
901: allows expressions of the kind
902:
903:
904: gnuplot> plot "datafile" using A:B:C
905:
906: where A,B,C,... are now either a column number, as usual, or an
907: arbitrary expression enclosed in ()'s, and using $1,$2,etc to
908: access the data columns.
909:
910: Q6.3: How do I make it easier to use gnuplot with LaTeX?
911: There is a set of LaTeX macros and shell scripts that are meant
912: to make your life easier when using gnuplot with LaTeX. This
913: package can be found on ftp.dartmouth.edu [129.170.16.54, soon
914: to be 129.170.8.11] in pub/gnuplot/latex.shar, by David Kotz.
915: For example, the program "plotskel" can turn a gnuplot-output
916: file plot.tex into a skeleton file skel.tex, that has the same
917: size as the original plot but contains no graph. With the right
918: macros, the skeleton can be used for preliminary LaTeX passes,
919: reserving the full graph for later passes, saving tremendous
920: amounts of time.
921:
922: Q6.4: How do I save and restore my settings?
923: Use the "save" and "load" commands for this; see "help save"
924: and "help load" for details.
925:
926: Q6.5: How do I plot lines (not grids) using splot?
927: If the data in a data file for splot is arranged in such a way
928: that each one has the same number of data points (using blank
929: lines as delimiters, as usual), splot will plot the data with a
930: grid. If you want to plot just lines, use a different number of
931: data entries (you can do this by doubling the last data point,
932: for example). Don't forget to set parametric mode, of course.
933:
934: Q6.6: How do I plot a function f(x,y) which is bounded by other
935: functions in the x-y plain?
936: An example:
937:
938:
939: f(x,y) = x**2 + y **2
940: x(u) = 3*u
941: yu(x) = x**2
942: yl(x) = -x**2
943: set parametric
944: set cont
945: splot [0:1] [0:1] u,yl(x(u))+(yu(x(u)) - yl(x(u)))*v,\
946: f(x(u), (yu(x(u)) - yl(x(u)))*v)
947:
948: Q6.7: How do I get rid of <feature in a plot>?
949: Usually, there is a set command to do this; do a
950:
951:
952: gnuplot> ?set no
953:
954: for a short overview.
955:
956: Q6.8: How do I call gnuplot from my own programs?
957: Here's code which works for a UNIX system, using (efficient)
958: named pipes.
959:
960:
961: #include <sys/types.h>
962: #include <sys/stat.h>
963: #include <stdlib.h>
964: #include <stdio.h>
965: #include <math.h>
966: #include <unistd.h>
967:
968: #define PANIC(a) do { \
969: perror(a); \
970: if (temp_name) unlink(temp_name);\
971: exit(1);\
972: } while(0)
973:
974: int main() {
975: FILE *command,*data;
976: char *temp_name = NULL;
977: double a,b;
978: int i;
979:
980: if ((temp_name = tmpnam((char *) 0)) == 0) PANIC("tmpnam failed");
981: if(mkfifo(temp_name, S_IRUSR | S_IWUSR) != 0) PANIC("mkfifo failed");
982: command = popen("gnuplot","w");
983: fprintf(command,"plot \"%s\" with lines\n",temp_name); fflush(command);
984: data = fopen(temp_name,"w");
985: for (i=0; i<20; i++) {
986: a = i/10.0;
987: b = sin(a);
988: fprintf(data,"%f %f\n",a,b);
989: }
990: fclose(data);
991: fprintf(stderr,"press enter to continue..."); fflush(stderr);
992: getchar();
993:
994: fprintf(command,"plot \"%s\" with lines\n",temp_name); fflush(command);
995: data = fopen(temp_name,"w");
996: for (i=0; i<20; i++) {
997: a = i/10.0;
998: b = cos(a);
999: fprintf(data,"%f %f\n",a,b);
1000: }
1001: fclose(data);
1002: fprintf(stderr,"press enter to continue..."); fflush(stderr);
1003: getchar();
1004: pclose(command);
1005: unlink(temp_name);
1006: return 0;
1007: }
1008:
1009: Here's code for OS/2, again using named pipes; I'm unable to check
1010: this out myself. This code is care of fearick@physci.uct.ac.za
1011: (Roger Fearick).
1012:
1013:
1014: #include <stdio.h>
1015: #define INCL_DOS
1016: #define INCL_DOSPROCESS
1017: #define INCL_DOSNMPIPES
1018: #include <os2.h>
1019:
1020: main()
1021: {
1022: HPIPE hpipe ;
1023: FILE *hfile, *hgnu ;
1024: /* create a named pipe. Use NP_WAIT so that DosConnect...
1025: blocks until client (gnuplot) opens, and client reads
1026: are blocked until data is available */
1027: DosCreateNPipe( "\\pipe\\gtemp",
1028: &hpipe,
1029: NP_ACCESS_OUTBOUND,
1030: NP_WAIT|NP_TYPE_BYTE|1,
1031: 256,
1032: 256,
1033: -1 ) ;
1034: /* use stream i/o */
1035: hfile = fdopen( hpipe, "w" ) ;
1036:
1037: /* start gnuplot; use unbuffered writes so we don't need to
1038: flush buffer after a command */
1039: hgnu = popen( "gnuplot", "w" ) ;
1040: setvbuf( hgnu, NULL, _IONBF, 0 ) ;
1041:
1042: /* plot a set of data */
1043:
1044: fprintf( hgnu, "plot '/pipe/gtemp'\n" ) ; /* issue plot command */
1045: DosConnectNPipe( hpipe ) ; /* wait until 'file' opened */
1046: fprintf( hfile, "1 1\n" ) ; /* write data to 'file' */
1047: fprintf( hfile, "2 2\n" ) ;
1048: fprintf( hfile, "3 3\n" ) ;
1049: fprintf( hfile, "4 4\n" ) ;
1050: fflush( hfile ) ; /* flush buffer forces read */
1051: DosSleep( 500 ) ; /* allow gnuplot to catch up */
1052: DosDisConnectNPipe( hpipe ) ; /* disconnect this session */
1053: fprintf( hgnu, "pause -1\n" ) ; /* admire plot */
1054:
1055: /* plot another set of data */
1056:
1057: fprintf( hgnu, "plot '/pipe/gtemp'\n" ) ;
1058: DosConnectNPipe( hpipe ) ;
1059: fprintf( hfile, "1 4\n" ) ;
1060: fprintf( hfile, "2 3\n" ) ;
1061: fprintf( hfile, "3 2\n" ) ;
1062: fprintf( hfile, "4 1\n" ) ;
1063: fflush( hfile ) ;
1064: DosSleep( 500 ) ;
1065: DosDisConnectNPipe( hpipe ) ;
1066: fprintf( hgnu, "pause -1\n" ) ;
1067:
1068: DosClose( hpipe ) ;
1069: pclose( hgnu ) ;
1070: }
1071:
1072: ; The above code works for gnuplot 3.5. In gnuplot 3.7, this can be
1073: greatly simplified, since data can be fed 'inline, as in
1074:
1075:
1076: plot '-' w l
1077: 1 1
1078: 2 3
1079: 3 4
1080: e
1081:
1082:
1083: Section 7: Known problems
1084:
1085: Q7.1: Gnuplot is not plotting any points under X11! How come?
1086: Very probably, you still are using an old version of
1087: gnuplot_x11. Remove that, then do a full installation.
1088:
1089: On VMS, you need to make several symbols:
1090:
1091: $ gnuplot_x11 :== $disk:[directory]gnuplot_x11
1092: $ gnuplot :== $disk:[directory]gnuplot.exe
1093: $ def/job GNUPLOT$HELP disk:[directory]gnuplot.hlb
1094:
1095: Then run gnuplot from your command line, and use
1096:
1097: gnuplot> set term x11
1098:
1099: Q7.2: My isoline data generated by a Fortran program is not handled
1100: correctly. What can I do?
1101: One known cause for this is the use of list-directed output (as
1102: in WRITE(10,*) for generating blank lines. Fortran uses ASA
1103: carriage control characters, and for list - directed output
1104: this results in a space being output before the newline.
1105: Gnuplot does not like this. The solution is to generate blank
1106: lines using formatted output, as in WRITE(10,'()'). If you use
1107: carriage return files in VMS Fortran, you may have to open the
1108: file with OPEN(...,CARRIAGECONTROL='DTST') or convert it using
1109: the DECUS utility ATTRIB.EXE:
1110:
1111:
1112: VMS> ATTRIB/RATTRIB=IMPDTED FOR010.DAT
1113:
1114: Q7.3: Why does gnuplot ignore my very small numbers?
1115: Gnuplot treats all numbers less than 1e-08 as zero, by default.
1116: Thus, if you are trying to plot a collection of very small
1117: numbers, they may be plotted as zero. Worse, if you're plotting
1118: on a log scale, they will be off scale. Or, if the whole set of
1119: numbers is "zero", your range may be considered empty:
1120:
1121:
1122: gnuplot> plot 'test1'
1123: Warning: empty y range [4.047e-19:3e-11], adjusting to [-1:1]
1124: gnuplot> set yrange [4e-19:3e-11]
1125: gnuplot> plot 'test1'
1126: ^
1127: y range is less than `zero`
1128:
1129: The solution is to change gnuplot's idea of "zero":
1130:
1131: gnuplot> set zero 1e-20
1132:
1133: For more information,
1134:
1135: gnuplot> help set zero
1136:
1137: Q7.4: Gnuplot is plotting nothing when run via gnuplot <filename>!
1138: What can I do?
1139: Put a pause -1 after the plot command in the file.
1140:
1141: Q7.5: My formulas are giving me nonsense results! What's going on?
1142: Gnuplot does integer, and not floating point, arithmetic on
1143: integer expressions. For example, the expression 1/3 evaluates
1144: to zero. If you want floating point expressions, supply
1145: trailing dots for your floating point numbers. Example:
1146:
1147:
1148: gnuplot> print 1/3
1149: 0
1150: gnuplot> print 1./3.
1151: 0.333333
1152:
1153: This way of evaluating integer expressions is shared by both C and
1154: Fortran.
1155:
1156: Q7.6: My Linux gnuplot complains about a missing gnuplot_x11. What is
1157: wrong?
1158: The binary gnuplot distribution from sunsite.unc.edu and its
1159: mirrors in Linux/apps/math/gplotbin.tgz is missing one
1160: executable that is necessary to access the x11 terminal. Please
1161: install gnuplot from another Linux distribution, e.g.
1162: Slackware.
1163:
1164: Q7.7: set output 'filename' isn't outputting everything it should!
1165: You need to flush the output with a closing 'set output'.
1166:
1167: Section 8: Credits
1168:
1169: This list was initially compiled by John Fletcher with contributions
1170: from Russell Lang, John Campbell, David Kotz, Rob Cunningham, Daniel
1171: Lewart and Alex Woo. Reworked by Thomas Koenig from a draft
1172: by Alex Woo, with corrections and additions from Alex Woo, John
1173: Campbell, Russell Lang, David Kotz and many corrections from Daniel
1174: Lewart; Axel Eble and Jutta Zimmermann helped with the
1175: conversion to HTML.
1176:
1177:
1178:
1179: Thomas Koenig, ig25@rz.uni-karlsruhe.de, 1994-03-28
1180:
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