Annotation of OpenXM_contrib/gnuplot/docs/gpcard.tex, Revision 1.1.1.1
1.1 maekawa 1: % Quick Reference Card for GNUPLOT 1992
2: % Format stolen shamelessly from the GNU Emacs reference card
3: %**start of header
4: \special{landscape}
5: \newcount\columnsperpage
6:
7: % This file can be printed with 1, 2, or 3 columns per page (see below).
8: % Specify how many you want here. Nothing else needs to be changed.
9: % For GNUPLOT refcard, entries are too wide for 3 columns. Print
10: % 2 columns landscape
11:
12: \columnsperpage=2
13:
14: % Copyright (c) 1987 Free Software Foundation, Inc.
15:
16: % This file is part of GNU Emacs, but was adapted for the GNUPLOT
17: % reference card because it was so nicely set up.
18:
19: % This file is intended to be processed by plain TeX (TeX82).
20: %
21: % The final reference card has six columns, three on each side.
22: % This file can be used to produce it in any of three ways:
23: % 1 column per page
24: % produces six separate pages, each of which needs to be reduced to 80%.
25: % This gives the best resolution.
26: % 2 columns per page
27: % produces three already-reduced pages.
28: % You will still need to cut and paste.
29: % 3 columns per page
30: % produces two pages which must be printed sideways to make a
31: % ready-to-use 8.5 x 11 inch reference card.
32: % For this you need a dvi device driver that can print sideways.
33: % Which mode to use is controlled by setting \columnsperpage above.
34: %
35: % Author of GNU Emacs Refcard:
36: % Stephen Gildea
37: % UUCP: mit-erl!gildea
38: % Internet: gildea@erl.mit.edu
39: %
40: % Thanks to Paul Rubin, Bob Chassell, Len Tower, and Richard Mlynarik
41: % for their many good ideas.
42: %
43: % Person who ripped off the formatter:
44: % Alex Woo
45: % NASA Ames Research Center
46: % Internet: woo@ames.arc.nasa.gov
47: %
48: % Modified on 9 Dec 1992 by:
49: % Daniel S. Lewart
50: % University of Illinois
51: % Internet: d-lewart@uiuc.edu
52:
53: % make \bye not \outer so that the \def\bye in the \else clause below
54: % can be scanned without complaint.
55: \def\bye{\par\vfill\supereject\end}
56:
57: \def\copyrightnotice{
58: \vskip 1ex plus 2 fill\begingroup\small
59: Layout adapted from the \TeX\ source for Stephen Gildea's GNU Emacs
60: Reference Card (version 1.8).
61:
62: PostScript is a registered trademark of Adobe Systems Incorporated.
63: GNU, Versatec, Imagen, Printronix, Canon, GraphOn, Visual, MicroVAX,
64: UIS, Tektronix, Unix, VAX, VMS, NeWS, SunView, and em4010 are all
65: trademarks of various companies. We endorse none of them.
66:
67: \endgroup}
68:
69: \newdimen\intercolumnskip
70: \newbox\columna
71: \newbox\columnb
72:
73: \def\ncolumns{\the\columnsperpage}
74:
75: \message{[\ncolumns\space
76: column\if 1\ncolumns\else s\fi\space per page]}
77:
78: \def\scaledmag#1{ scaled \magstep #1}
79:
80: % This multi-way format was designed by Stephen Gildea
81: % October 1986.
82: % modified for GNUPLOT refcard by Alex Woo
83:
84: \if 1\ncolumns
85: % \hsize 4in
86: \hsize 6in
87: \vsize 10in
88: \voffset -.7in
89: \font\titlefont=\fontname\tenbf \scaledmag3
90: \font\headingfont=\fontname\tenbf \scaledmag2
91: \font\smallfont=\fontname\sevenrm
92: \font\smallsy=\fontname\sevensy
93:
94: \footline{\hss\folio}
95: \def\makefootline{\baselineskip10pt\hsize6.5in\line{\the\footline}}
96: \else
97: % \hsize 3.2in
98: \hsize 5in
99: \vsize 7.95in
100: \hoffset -.75in
101: \voffset -.745in
102: \font\titlefont=cmbx10 \scaledmag2
103: \font\headingfont=cmbx10 \scaledmag1
104: \font\smallfont=cmr6
105: \font\smallsy=cmsy6
106: \font\eightrm=cmr8
107: \font\eightbf=cmbx8
108: \font\eightit=cmti8
109: \font\eighttt=cmtt8
110: \font\eightsy=cmsy8
111: \textfont0=\eightrm
112: \textfont2=\eightsy
113: \def\rm{\eightrm}
114: \def\bf{\eightbf}
115: \def\it{\eightit}
116: \def\tt{\eighttt}
117: \normalbaselineskip=.8\normalbaselineskip
118: \normallineskip=.8\normallineskip
119: \normallineskiplimit=.8\normallineskiplimit
120: \normalbaselines\rm %make definitions take effect
121:
122: \if 2\ncolumns
123: \let\maxcolumn=b
124: \footline{\hss\rm\folio\hss}
125: \def\makefootline{\vskip 2in \hsize=6.86in\line{\the\footline}}
126: \else \if 3\ncolumns
127: \let\maxcolumn=c
128: \nopagenumbers
129: \else
130: \errhelp{You must set \columnsperpage equal to 1, 2, or 3.}
131: \errmessage{Illegal number of columns per page}
132: \fi\fi
133:
134: \intercolumnskip=.46in
135: \def\abc{a}
136: \output={%
137: % This next line is useful when designing the layout.
138: %\immediate\write16{Column \folio\abc\space starts with \firstmark}
139: \if \maxcolumn\abc \multicolumnformat \global\def\abc{a}
140: \else\if a\abc
141: \global\setbox\columna\columnbox \global\def\abc{b}
142: %% in case we never use \columnb (two-column mode)
143: \global\setbox\columnb\hbox to -\intercolumnskip{}
144: \else
145: \global\setbox\columnb\columnbox \global\def\abc{c}\fi\fi}
146: \def\multicolumnformat{\shipout\vbox{\makeheadline
147: \hbox{\box\columna\hskip\intercolumnskip
148: \box\columnb\hskip\intercolumnskip\columnbox}
149: \makefootline}\advancepageno}
150: \def\columnbox{\leftline{\pagebody}}
151:
152: \def\bye{\par\vfill\supereject
153: \if a\abc \else\null\vfill\eject\fi
154: \if a\abc \else\null\vfill\eject\fi
155: \end}
156: \fi
157:
158: % we won't be using math mode much, so redefine some of the characters
159: % we might want to talk about
160: \catcode`\^=12
161: \catcode`\_=12
162:
163: \chardef\\=`\\
164: \chardef\{=`\{
165: \chardef\}=`\}
166:
167: \hyphenation{mini-buf-fer}
168:
169: \parindent 0pt
170: \parskip 1ex plus .5ex minus .5ex
171:
172: \def\small{\smallfont\textfont2=\smallsy\baselineskip=.8\baselineskip}
173:
174: \outer\def\newcolumn{\vfill\eject}
175:
176: \outer\def\title#1{{\titlefont\centerline{#1}}\vskip 1ex plus .5ex}
177:
178: \outer\def\section#1{\par\filbreak
179: \vskip 3ex plus 2ex minus 2ex {\headingfont #1}\mark{#1}%
180: \vskip 2ex plus 1ex minus 1.5ex}
181:
182: \newdimen\keyindent
183:
184: \def\beginindentedkeys{\keyindent=1em}
185: \def\endindentedkeys{\keyindent=0em}
186: \endindentedkeys
187:
188: \def\paralign{\vskip\parskip\halign}
189:
190: \def\<#1>{$\langle${\rm #1}$\rangle$}
191:
192: \def\kbd#1{{\tt#1}\null} %\null so not an abbrev even if period follows
193:
194: \def\beginexample{\par\leavevmode\begingroup
195: \obeylines\obeyspaces\parskip0pt\tt}
196: {\obeyspaces\global\let =\ }
197: \def\endexample{\endgroup}
198:
199:
200: \def\key#1#2{\leavevmode\hbox to \hsize{\vtop
201: % {\hsize=.75\hsize\rightskip=1em
202: {\hsize=.5\hsize\rightskip=1em
203: \hskip\keyindent\relax#1}\kbd{#2}\hfil}}
204:
205: \newbox\metaxbox
206: \setbox\metaxbox\hbox{\kbd{M-x }}
207: \newdimen\metaxwidth
208: \metaxwidth=\wd\metaxbox
209:
210: \def\metax#1#2{\leavevmode\hbox to \hsize{\hbox to .75\hsize
211: {\hskip\keyindent\relax#1\hfil}%
212: \hskip -\metaxwidth minus 1fil
213: \kbd{#2}\hfil}}
214:
215: \def\threecol#1#2#3{\hskip\keyindent\relax#1\hfil&\kbd{#2}\quad
216: &\kbd{#3}\quad\cr}
217:
218: %**end of header
219:
220:
221: \title{GNUPLOT Quick Reference}
222:
223: \centerline{(Copyright(c) Alex Woo 1992 June 1)}
224:
225: \section{Starting GNUPLOT}
226:
227: \key{to enter GNUPLOT}{gnuplot}
228: \key{to enter batch GNUPLOT}{gnuplot macro_file}
229: \key{to pipe commands to GNUPLOT}{application | gnuplot}
230:
231: see below for environment variables you might want to change
232: before entering GNUPLOT.
233:
234: \section{Exiting GNUPLOT}
235:
236: \key{exit GNUPLOT}{quit}
237:
238: All GNUPLOT commands can be abbreviated to the first few
239: unique letters, usually three characters. This reference uses
240: the complete name for clarity.
241:
242: \section{Getting Help}
243:
244: \key{introductory help} {help plot}
245: \key{help on a topic}{help <topic>}
246: \key{list of all help available}{help or ?}
247: \key{show current environment}{show all}
248: \section{Command-line Editing}
249:
250: The UNIX, MS-DOS and VMS versions of GNUPLOT support command-line
251: editing and a command history. EMACS style editing is supported.
252:
253: \beginindentedkeys
254:
255: Line Editing:
256:
257: \key{move back a single character}{^ B}
258: \key{move forward a single character}{^ F}
259: \key{moves to the beginning of the line}{^ A}
260: \key{moves to the end of the line}{^ E}
261: \key{delete the previous character} {^ H and DEL }
262: \key{deletes the current character} {^ D}
263: \key{deletes to the end of line}{^ K}
264: \key{redraws line in case it gets trashed}{ ^ L,^ R}
265: \key{deletes the entire line}{ ^ U}
266: \key{deletes the last word}{ ^ W}
267: \endindentedkeys
268: \beginindentedkeys
269:
270: History:
271:
272: \key{moves back through history}{ ^ P }
273: \key{moves forward through history}{ ^ N }
274: \endindentedkeys
275:
276: The following arrow keys may be used on the MS-DOS version if READLINE is
277: used.
278:
279: \beginindentedkeys
280: IBM PC Arrow Keys:
281:
282: \key{Left Arrow}{same as ^ B}
283: \key{Right Arrow}{same as ^ F}
284: \key{Ctrl Left Arrow}{same as ^ A}
285: \key{Ctrl Right Arrow}{same as ^ E}
286: \key{Up Arrow}{same as ^ P}
287: \key{Down Arrow}{same as ^ N}
288: \endindentedkeys
289:
290:
291:
292: \section{Graphics Devices}
293:
294: All screen graphics devices are specified by names and options.
295: This information can be read from a startup file (.gnuplot in UNIX).
296: If you change the graphics device, you must replot with the
297: \kbd{replot} command.
298:
299: \key{get a list of valid devices }{set terminal [options]}
300:
301: \beginindentedkeys
302:
303: Graphics Terminals:
304:
305: \key{AED 512 Terminal} {set term aed512}
306: \key{AED 767 Terminal} {set term aed767}
307: \key{Amiga} {set term amiga}
308: \key{Adobe Illustrator 3.0 Format} {set term aifm}
309: \key{Apollo graphics primitive, rescalable} {set term apollo}
310: \key{Atari ST} {set term atari}
311: \key{BBN Bitgraph Terminal} {set term bitgraph}
312: \key{SCO CGI Driver} {set term cgi}
313: \key{Apollo graphics primitive, fixed window} {set term gpr}
314: \key{SGI GL window} {set term iris4d [8 24]}
315: \key{MS-DOS Kermit Tek4010 term - color} {set term kc_tek40xx}
316: \key{MS-DOS Kermit Tek4010 term - mono} {set term km_tek40xx}
317: \key{NeXTstep window system} {set term next}
318: \key{REGIS graphics language} {set term regis}
319: \key{Selanar Tek Terminal} {set term selanar}
320: \key{SunView window system} {set term sun}
321: \key{Tektronix 4106, 4107, 4109 \& 420X } {set term tek4OD10x}
322: \key{Tektronix 4010; most TEK emulators} {set term tek40xx}
323: \key{VAX UIS window system} {set term VMS}
324: \key{VT-like tek40xx terminal emulator} {set term vttek}
325: \key{UNIX plotting (not always supplied)} {set term unixplot}
326: \key{AT\&T 3b1 or 7300 UNIXPC} {set term unixpc}
327: \key{X11 default display device} {set term x11}
328: \key{X11 multicolor point default device} {set term X11}
329:
330: \endindentedkeys
331:
332: \beginindentedkeys
333:
334: Turbo C PC Graphics Modes:
335:
336: \key{Hercules}{set term hercules}
337: \key{Color Graphics Adaptor}{set term cga}
338: \key{Monochrome CGA}{set term mcga}
339: \key{Extended Graphics Adaptor}{set term ega}
340: \key{VGA} {set term vga}
341: \key{Monochrome VGA} {set term vgamono}
342: \key{Super VGA - requires SVGA driver}{set term svga}
343: \key{AT\&T 6300 Micro}{set term att}
344:
345: \endindentedkeys
346:
347: MS Windows 3.x and OS/2 Presentation Manager are also supported.
348:
349: \beginindentedkeys
350:
351: Hardcopy Devices:
352:
353: \key{Unknown - not a plotting device} {set term unknown}
354: \key{Dump ASCII table of X Y [Z] values}{set term table}
355: \key{printer or glass dumb terminal} {set term dumb}
356: \key{Roland DXY800A plotter} {set term dxy800a}
357:
358: Dot Matrix Printers
359:
360: \key{Epson-style 60-dot per inch printers} {set term epson_60dpi}
361: \key{Epson LX-800, Star NL-10 }{set term epson_lx800}
362: \key{NX-1000, PROPRINTER }{set term epson_lx800}
363: \key{NEC printer CP6, Epson LQ-800 }
364: {set term nec_cp6 [monochrome color draft]}
365: \key{Star Color Printer} {set term starc}
366: \key{Tandy DMP-130 60-dot per inch } {set term tandy_60dpi}
367: \key{Vectrix 384 \& Tandy color printer} {set term vx384}
368:
369: Laser Printers
370:
371: \key{Talaris EXCL language}{set term excl}
372: \key{Imagen laser printer} {set term imagen}
373: \key{LN03-Plus in EGM mode} {set term ln03}
374: \key{PostScript graphics language }
375: {set term post [mode color `font' size]}
376: \key{CorelDraw EPS}
377: {set term corel [mode color `font' size]}
378: \key{Prescribe - for the Kyocera Laser Printer} {set term prescribe}
379: \key{Kyocera Laser Printer with Courier font} {set term kyo}
380: \key{QMS/QUIC Laser (also Talaris 1200 )}{set term qms}
381:
382: Metafiles
383:
384: \key{AutoCAD DXF (120x80 default)} {set term dxf}
385: \key{FIG graphics language: SunView or X }{set term fig}
386: \key{FIG graphics language: Large Graph}{set term bfig}
387: \key{SCO hardcopy CGI}{set term hcgi}
388: \key{Frame Maker MIF 3.0}
389: {set term mif [pentype curvetype help]}
390: \key{Portable bitmap} {set term pbm [fontsize color]}
391: \key{Uniplex Redwood Graphics Interface Protocol}{set term rgip}
392: \key{TGIF language} {set term tgif}
393:
394: HP Devices
395:
396: \key{HP2623A and maybe others} {set term hp2623A}
397: \key{HP2648 and HP2647} {set term hp2648}
398: \key{HP7580, \& probably other HPs (4 pens)} {set term hp7580B}
399: \key{HP7475 \& lots of others (6 pens)} {set term hpgl}
400: \key{HP Laserjet series II \& clones} {set term hpljii [75 100 150 300]}
401: \key{HP DeskJet 500} {set term hpdj [75 100 150 300]}
402: \key{HP PaintJet \& HP3630 }
403: {set term hppj [FNT5X9 FNT9X17 FNT13x25]}
404: \key{HP laserjet III ( HPGL plot vectors)}
405: {set term pcl5 [mode font fontsize ]}
406:
407: TeX picture environments
408:
409: \key{LaTeX picture environment} {set term latex}
410: \key{EEPIC -- extended LaTeX picture } {set term eepic}
411: \key{LaTeX picture with emTeX specials} {set term emtex}
412: \key{PSTricks macros for TeX or LaTeX} {set term pstricks}
413: \key{TPIC specials for TeX or LaTeX} {set term tpic}
414: \key{MetaFont font generation input} {set term mf}
415:
416:
417: \endindentedkeys
418:
419: \section{Files}
420:
421: \key{{\bf plot} a data file}{plot `fspec'}
422: \key{{\bf load} in a macro file}{load `fspec'}
423: \key{{\bf save} command buffer to a macro file}{save `fspec'}
424: \key{{\bf save settings} for later reuse}{save set `fpec'}
425:
426: \section{PLOT \& SPLOT commands}
427:
428:
429: {\bf plot} and {\bf splot} are the primary commands
430: {\bf plot} is used to plot 2-d
431: functions and data, while {\bf splot} plots 3-d surfaces and data.
432:
433: Syntax:
434:
435: plot $\{$ranges$\}$ $<$function$> \{$title$\} \{$style$\}$
436: $\{, <$function$> \{$title$\} \{$style$\}...\}$
437:
438: splot $\{$ranges$\} <$function$> \{$title$\} \{$style$\}$
439: $\{, <$function$> \{$title$\} \{$style$\}...\}$
440:
441: where $<$function$>$ is either a mathematical expression, the name of a
442: data file enclosed in quotes, or a pair ({\bf plot}) or triple ({\bf splot})
443: of mathematical expressions in the case of parametric functions.
444: User-defined functions and variables may also be defined here.
445: Examples will be given below.
446:
447: \section{Plotting Data}
448: Discrete data contained in a file can displayed by specifying the
449: name of the data file (enclosed in quotes) on the {\bf plot} or {\bf splot}
450: command line. Data files should contain one data point per line.
451: Lines beginning with \# (or ! on VMS) will be treated as comments
452: and ignored. For {\bf plot}s, each data point represents an (x,y)
453: pair. For {\bf splot}s, each point is an (x,y,z) triple. For {\bf plot}s with
454: error bars (see {\bf plot errorbars}), each data point is either
455: (x,y,ydelta), (x,y,ylow,yhigh), (x,y,xlow,xhigh), (x,y,xdelta,ydelta), or
456: (x,y,xlow,xhigh,ylow,yhigh). In all cases, the numbers on each
457: line of a data file must be separated by blank space. This blank
458: space divides each line into columns.
459:
460: For {\bf plot}s the x value may be omitted, and for {\bf splot}s the x
461: and y values may be omitted. In either case the omitted values are
462: assigned the current coordinate number. Coordinate numbers start at 0
463: and are incremented for each data point read.
464:
465: \section{Surface Plotting}
466: Implicitly, there are two types of 3-d datafiles. If all the isolines
467: are of the same length, the data is assumed to be a grid data, i.e.,
468: the data has a grid topology. Cross isolines in the other parametric
469: direction (the ith cross isoline passes thru the ith point of all the
470: provided isolines) will also be drawn for grid data. (Note contouring
471: is available for grid data only.) If all the isolines are not of the
472: same length, no cross isolines will be drawn and contouring that data
473: is impossible.
474:
475: For splot if 3-d datafile and using format (see {\bf splot datafile using})
476: specify only z (height field), a non parametric mode must be specified.
477: If, on the other hand, x, y, and z are all specified, a parametric
478: mode should be selected (see {\bf set parametric}) since data is defining a
479: parametric surface.
480:
481: \key{example of plotting a 3-d data}{set parametric;splot 'glass.dat'}
482: \key{example of plotting explicit}{set noparametric;splot 'datafile.dat'}
483:
484: \section{Using Pipes}
485:
486: On some computer systems with a popen function (UNIX), the datafile
487: can be piped through a shell command by starting the file name
488: with a '$<$'. For example:
489:
490: pop(x) = 103*exp(x/10)
491: plot "$<$ awk '$\{$ print \$1-1965 \$2 $\}$' population.dat", pop(x)
492:
493: would plot the same information as the first population example
494: but with years since 1965 as the x axis.
495:
496: Similarly, output can be piped to another application, e.g.
497:
498: set out "$|$lpr -Pmy\_laser\_printer"
499:
500: \section{Plot Data Using}
501: The format of data within a file can be selected with the {\bf using}
502: option. An explicit scanf string can be used, or simpler column
503: choices can be made.
504:
505: \key{plot "datafile"}{ $\{$ using $\{ <$ycol$> |$}
506: \key{}{$<$xcol$>:<$ycol$> |$}
507: \key{}{$<$xcol$>:<$ycol$>:<$ydelta$> |$}
508: \key{}{$<$xcol$>:<$ycol$>:<$width$> |$}
509: \key{}{$<$xcol$>:<$ycol$>:<$xdelta$> |$}
510: \key{}{$<$xcol$>:<$ycol$>:<$ylo$>:<$yhi$> |$}
511: \key{}{$<$xcol$>:<$ycol$>:<$xlo$>:<$xhi$> |$}
512: \key{}{$<$xcol$>:<$ycol$>:<$xdelta$>:<$ydelta$> |$}
513: \key{}{$<$xcol$>:<$ycol$>:<$ydelta$>:<$width$> |$}
514: \key{}{$<$xcol$>:<$ycol$>:<$ylo$>:<$yhi$>:<$width$> |$}
515: \key{}{$<$xc$>:<$yc$>:<$xlo$>:<$xhi$>:<$ylo$>:<$yhi$> \}$}
516: \key{}{$\{$"<scanf string>"$\} \} ...$}
517:
518: \key{splot "datafile"}
519: {$\{$ using $\{ <$xcol$>:<$ycol$>:<$zcol$> \}$}
520: \key{}{$\{"<$scanf string$>"\} \} ...$}
521:
522: $<$xcol$>$, $<$ycol$>$, and $<$zcol$>$ explicitly select the columns to plot from
523: a space or tab separated multicolumn data file. If only $<$ycol$>$ is
524: selected for {\bf plot}, $<$xcol$>$ defaults to 1. If only $<$zcol$>$ is selected
525: for {\bf splot}, then only that column is read from the file. An $<$xcol$>$ of
526: 0 forces $<$ycol$>$ to be plotted versus its coordinate number. $<$xcol$>$,
527: $<$ycol$>$, and $<$zcol$>$ can be entered as constants or expressions.
528:
529: If errorbars (see also {\bf plot errorbars}) are used for {\bf plot}s,
530: xdelta or ydelta (for example, a +/- error) should be provided as the third
531: column, or (x,y)low and (x,y)high as third and fourth columns. These columns
532: must follow the x and y columns. If errorbars in both directions are wanted
533: then xdelta and ydelta should be in the third and fourth columns, respectively,
534: or xlow, xhigh, ylow, yhigh should be in the third, fourth, fifth, and sixth
535: columns, respectively.
536:
537: Scanf strings override any $<$xcol$>$:$<$ycol$>$(:$<$zcol$>$) choices, except for
538: ordering of input, e.g.,
539:
540: \key{plot "datafile"}{ using 2:1 "\%f\%*f\%f"}
541:
542: causes the first column to be y and the third column to be x.
543:
544: If the scanf string is omitted, the default is generated based on the
545: $<$xcol$>$:$<$ycol$>$(:$<$zcol$>$) choices. If the {\bf using} option is omitted, ''\%f\%f''
546: is used for {\bf plot} (''\%f\%f\%f\%f'' or ''\%f\%f\%f\%f\%f\%f'' for {\bf
547: errorbar} {\bf plot}s) and ''\%f\%f\%f'' is used for {\bf splot}.
548:
549: \key{plot "MyData"} {using "\%*f\%f\%*20[^$\backslash$n]\%f" w lines}
550:
551: Data are read from the file ``MyData'' using the format
552: ''\%*f\%f\%*20[^$\backslash$n]\%f''. The meaning of this format is: ''\%*f'' ignore the
553: first number, ''\%f'' then read in the second and assign to x,
554: ''\%*20[^$\backslash$n]'' then ignore 20 non-newline characters, ''\%f'' then read in
555: the y value.
556:
557: \section{Plot With Errorbars}
558: Error bars are supported for 2-d data file plots by reading one to
559: four additional columns specifying ydelta, ylow and yhigh, xdelta,
560: xlow and xhigh, xdelta and ydelta, or xlow, xhigh, ylow, and yhigh
561: respectively. No support exists for error bars for {\bf splot}s.
562:
563: In the default situation, GNUPLOT expects to see three to six
564: numbers on each line of the data file, either (x, y, ydelta),
565: (x, y, ylow, yhigh), (x, y, xdelta), (x, y, xlow, xhigh),
566: (x, y, xdelta, ydelta), or (x, y, xlow, xhigh, ylow, yhigh). The x
567: coordinate must be specified. The order of the numbers must be exactly
568: as given above. Data files in this format can easily be plotted with error
569: bars:
570:
571: plot "data.dat" with errorbars (or yerrorbars)
572:
573: plot "data.dat" with xerrorbars
574:
575: plot "data.dat" with xyerrorbars
576:
577: The error bar is a line plotted from (x, ylow) to (x,
578: yhigh) or (xlow, y) to (xhigh, y). If ydelta is specified instead
579: of ylow and yhigh, ylow=y-ydelta and yhigh=y+ydelta are derived. The
580: values for xlow and xhigh are derived similarly from xdelta. If there
581: are only two numbers on the line, yhigh and ylow are both set to
582: y and xhigh and xlow are both set to x. To get lines plotted between
583: the data points, {\bf plot} the data file twice, once with errorbars and
584: once with lines.
585:
586: If x or y autoscaling is on, the x or y range will be adjusted to fit the
587: error bars.
588:
589: Boxes may be drawn with y error bars using the {\bf boxerrorbars} style. The
590: width of the box may be either set with the "set boxwidth" command, given in
591: one of the data columns, or calculated automatically so each box touches the
592: adjacent boxes.
593: Boxes may be drawn instead of the cross drawn for the {\bf xyerrorbars} style
594: by using the {\bf boxxyerrorbars} style.
595:
596: \key{x,y,ylow \& yhigh from columns 1,2,3,4}{plot "data.dat" us 1:2:3:4 w errorbars}
597: \key{x from third, y from second, xdelta from 6}{plot "data.dat" using 3:2:6 w xerrorbars}
598: \key{x,y,xdelta \& ydelta from columns 1,2,3,4}{plot "data.dat" us 1:2:3:4 w
599: xyerrorbars}
600:
601: \section{Plot Ranges}
602: The optional range specifies the region of the plot that will be
603: displayed.
604:
605: Ranges may be provided on the {\bf plot} and {\bf splot} command line and
606: affect only that plot, or in the {\bf set xrange}, {\bf set yrange}, etc.,
607: commands, to change the default ranges for future plots.
608:
609: \key{[$\{<$dummy-var$> =\} \{<$xmin$> : <$xmax$>\}$]} { $\{$ [$\{<$ymin$> : <$ymax$>\}$] $\}$}
610:
611: where $<$dummy-var$>$ is the independent variable (the defaults are x and
612: y, but this may be changed with {\bf set dummy}) and the min and max
613: terms can be constant expressions.
614:
615: Both the min and max terms are optional. The ':' is also optional
616: if neither a min nor a max term is specified. This allows '[ ]' to
617: be used as a null range specification.
618:
619: Specifying a range in the {\bf plot} command line turns autoscaling for
620: that axis off for that plot. Using one of the {\bf set} range commands
621: turns autoscaling off for that axis for future plots, unless changed
622: later. (See {\bf set autoscale}).
623:
624: \key{This uses the current ranges}{plot cos(x)}
625: \key{This sets the x range only}{plot [-10:30] sin(pi*x)/(pi*x)}
626: \key{This sets both the x and y ranges}{plot [-pi:pi] [-3:3] tan(x), 1/x}
627: \key{sets only y range, \&} {plot [ ] [-2:sin(5)*-8] sin(x)**besj0(x)}
628: \key{turns off autoscaling on both axes}{}
629: \key{This sets xmax and ymin only}{plot [:200] [-pi:] exp(sin(x))}
630: \key{This sets the x, y, and z ranges}{splot [0:3] [1:4] [-1:1] x*y}
631:
632: \section{Plot With Style}
633: Plots may be displayed in one of twelve styles: {\bf lines}, {\bf points},
634: {\bf linespoints}, {\bf impulses}, {\bf dots}, {\bf steps},
635: {\bf errorbars} (or {\bf yerrorbars}), {\bf xerrorbars}, {\bf xyerrorbars},
636: {\bf boxes}, {\bf boxerrorbars}, or {\bf boxxyerrorbars}. The {\bf lines} style
637: connects adjacent points with lines. The {\bf points} style displays a
638: small symbol at each point. The {\bf linespoints} style does both
639: {\bf lines} and {\bf points}. The {\bf impulses} style displays a vertical line
640: from the x axis (or from the grid base for {\bf splot}) to each point. The
641: {\bf dots} style plots a tiny dot at each point; this is useful for
642: scatter plots with many points. The {\bf steps} style is used for drawing
643: stairstep-like functions. The {\bf boxes} style may be used for barcharts.
644:
645: The {\bf errorbars} style is only relevant to 2-d data file plotting. It
646: is treated like {\bf points} for {\bf splot}s and function {\bf plot}s. For
647: data
648: {\bf plot}s, {\bf errorbars} is like {\bf points}, except that a vertical error
649: bar is also drawn: for each point (x,y), a line is drawn from
650: (x,ylow) to (x,yhigh). A tic mark is placed at the ends of the error
651: bar. The ylow and yhigh values are read from the data file's columns,
652: as specified with the {\bf using} option to plot. The {\bf xerrorbars}
653: style is similar except that it draws a horizontal error bar from xlow to
654: xhigh. The {\bf xyerrorbars} or {\bf boxxyerrorbars} style is used for data
655: with errors in both x and y. A barchart style may be used in conjunction with y
656: error bars through the use of {\bf boxerrorbars}. The See {\bf plot errorbars}
657: for more information.
658:
659: Default styles are chosen with the {\bf set function style} and
660: {\bf set data style} commands.
661:
662: By default, each function and data file will use a different
663: line type and point type, up to the maximum number of available
664: types. All terminal drivers support at least six different point
665: types, and re-use them, in order, if more than six are required.
666: The LaTeX driver supplies an additional six point types (all variants
667: of a circle), and thus will only repeat after twelve curves are
668: plotted with points.
669:
670: If desired, the style and (optionally) the line type and point type
671: used for a curve can be specified.
672:
673: \key{with $<$style$>$}{$ \{<$linetype$> \{<$pointtype$>\}\}$}
674:
675: where $<$style$>$ is either {\bf lines}, {\bf points}, {\bf linespoints}, {\bf impulses},
676: {\bf dots}, {\bf steps}, {\bf errorbars} (or {\bf yerrorbars}),
677: {\bf xerrorbars}, {\bf xyerrorbars}, {\bf boxes}, {\bf boxerrorbars},
678: {\bf boxxyerrorbars}.
679:
680: The $<$linetype$>$ \& $<$pointtype$>$ are positive
681: integer constants or expressions and specify the line type and point
682: type to be used for the plot. Line type 1 is the first line type used
683: by default, line type 2 is the second line type used by default, etc.
684:
685: \key{plots sin(x) with impulses}{plot sin(x) with impulses}
686: \key{plots x*y with points, x**2 + y**2 default}{splot x*y w points, x**2 + y**2}
687: \key{plots tan(x) with default function style}
688: {plot [ ] [-2:5] tan(x)}
689: \key{plots ``data.1'' with lines}{plot "data.1" with l}
690: \key{plots ``leastsq.dat'' with impulses} {plot 'leastsq.dat' w i}
691: \key{plots ``exper.dat'' with errorbars \& }
692: {plot 'exper.dat' w l, 'exper.dat' w err}
693: \key{ lines connecting points}{}
694:
695: Here 'exper.dat' should have three or four data columns.
696:
697: \key{plots x**2 + y**2 and x**2 - y**2 with the same line type}
698: {splot x**2 + y**2 w l 1, x**2 - y**2 w l 1}
699: \key{plots sin(x) and cos(x) with linespoints, using}
700: {plot sin(x) w linesp 1 3, \\}
701: \key{ the same line type but different point types}{ cos(x) w linesp 1 4}
702: \key{plots file ``data'' with points style 3}
703: {plot "data" with points 1 3}
704:
705: Note that the line style must be specified when specifying the point
706: style, even when it is irrelevant. Here the line style is 1 and the
707: point style is 3, and the line style is irrelevant.
708:
709: See {\bf set style} to change the default styles.
710:
711: \section{Plot Title}
712:
713: A title of each plot appears in the key. By default the title is
714: the function or file name as it appears on the plot command line.
715: The title can be changed by using the {\bf title} option. This option
716: should precede any {\bf with} option.
717:
718: \key{ title "$<$title$>$"}{}
719:
720: where $<$title$>$ is the new title of the plot and must be enclosed in
721: quotes. The quotes will not be shown in the key.
722:
723: \key{plots y=x with the title 'x'} {plot x}
724: \key{plots the ``glass.dat'' file}
725: {splot "glass.dat" tit 'revolution surface'}
726: \key{with the title 'revolution surface'}{}
727: \key{plots x squared with title ``x^2'' and ``data.1''}
728: {plot x**2 t "x^2", \\}
729: \key{ with title 'measured data'}{ "data.1" t 'measured data'}
730:
731: \section{Set-Show Commands}
732:
733: \beginindentedkeys
734: \key{all commands below begin with set}{set}
735: \key{set mapping of polar angles}{angles [degrees|radians]}
736: \key{arrows from point to}{arrow [<tag>][from <sx>,<sy>,<sz>]}
737: \key{}{ [to <ex>,<ey>,<ez>][nohead]}
738: \key{force autoscaling of an axis}{autoscale [<axes>]}
739: \key{enter/exit parametric mode} {[no]parametric}
740: \key{display border}{[no]border}
741: \key{clip points/line near boundaries}{[no]clip <clip-type>}
742: \key{specify parameters for contour plots}{cntrparam
743: [spline][points][order][levels]}
744: \key{enable splot contour plots}{[no]contour [base|surface|both]}
745: \key{default plotting style for data}{data style <style-choice>}
746: \key{specify dummy variable}{dummy <dummy1>,<dummy2>...}
747: \key{tic-mark label format specification}{format
748: [<axes>]["format-string"]}
749: \key{function plotting style}{function style <style-choice>}
750: \key{draw a grid at major tick marks \& minor tics (optional)}{[no]grid [mxgrid
751: OR mygrid]}
752: \key{enables hiddenline removal}{[no]hidden3d}
753: \key{specify number of isolines}{isosamples <expression>}
754: \key{enables key of curves in plot}{key <x>,<y>,<z>}
755: \key{logscaling of an axes (optionally giving base)}{logscale <axes> [<base>]}
756: \key{mapping 3D coordinates}{mapping
757: [cartesian|spherical|cylindrical]}
758: \key{offsets from center of graph}{offsets
759: <left>,<right>,<top>,<bottom>}
760: \key{mapping 2D coordinates}{[no]polar}
761: \key{set radial range}{rrange [<rmin>:<rmax>]}
762: \key{set sampling rate of functions}{samples <expression>}
763: \key{set scaling factors of plot}{size <xsize>,<ysize>}
764: \key{control display of isolines of surface}{[no]surface}
765: \key{control graphics device}{terminal <device>}
766: \key{change direction of tics}{tics <direction>}
767: \key{adjust relative height of vertical axis}{ticslevel <level>}
768: \key{adjust size of tick marks}{ticscale [<size>]}
769: \key{turn on time/date stamp}{[no]time}
770: \key{set centered plot title}{title "title-text" <xoff>,<yoff>}
771: \key{set parametric range}{trange [<tmin>:<tmax>]}
772: \key{set surface parametric ranges}{urange or vrange}
773: \key{sets the view point for {\bf splot}}{view
774: <rot_x>,<rot_z>,<scale>,<scale_z>}
775: \key{sets x-axis label}{xlabel "<label>" <xoff>,<yoff>}
776: \key{set horizontal range}{xrange [<xmin>:<xmax>]}
777: \key{change horizontal tics}{xtics <start>,<incr>,<end>,}
778: \key{}{"<label>" <pos> }
779: \key{adjust number of minor tick marks}{[no]mxtics OR [no]mytics [<freq>]}
780: \key{draw x-axis}{[no]xzeroaxis}
781: \key{sets y-axis label}{ylabel "<label>" <xoff>,<yoff>}
782: \key{set vertical range}{yrange [<ymin>:<ymax>]}
783: \key{change vertical tics}{ytics <start>,<incr>,<end>,}
784: \key{}{"<label>" <pos> }
785: \key{draw y-axis}{[no]yzeroaxis}
786: \key{set default threshold for values near 0}{zero <expression>}
787: \key{draw axes}{[no]zeroaxis}
788: \key{sets z-axis label}{zlabel "<label>" <xoff>,<yoff>}
789: \key{set vertical range}{zrange [<zmin>:<zmax>]}
790: \key{change vertical tics}{ztics <start>,<incr>,<end>,}
791: \key{}{"<label>" <pos> }
792: \key{draw z-axis}{[no]zzeroaxis}
793: \endindentedkeys
794:
795: \section{Contour Plots}
796: Enable contour drawing for surfaces. This option is available for {\bf splot}
797: only.
798:
799: Syntax:
800: set contour $\{$ base $|$ surface $|$ both $\}$
801: set nocontour
802:
803: If no option is provided to {\bf set contour}, the default is {\bf base}.
804: The three options specify where to draw the contours: {\bf base} draws
805: the contours on the grid base where the x/ytics are placed, {\bf surface}
806: draws the contours on the surfaces themselves, and {\bf both} draws the
807: contours on both the base and the surface.
808:
809: See also {\bf set cntrparam} for the parameters that affect the drawing of
810: contours.
811:
812: \section{Contour Parameters}
813: Sets the different parameters for the contouring plot (see also {\bf contour}).
814:
815: \key{set cntrparam}{ $\{ \{$ linear $|$ cubicspline $|$ bspline $\} |$}
816: \key{}{points $<$n$>$ $|$ }
817: \key{}{order $<$n$>$ $|$ }
818: \key{}{levels \{ [ auto ] $<$n$>$ $|$ }
819: \key{}{discrete $<$z1$>$ $<$z2$>$ ... $|$ }
820: \key{}{incr $<$start$>$ $<$increment$>$ [ $<$n$>$ ] $\} \}$ }
821:
822: \key{5 automatic levels}{set cntrparam levels auto 5}
823: \key{3 discrete levels at 10\%, 37\% and 90\%}
824: {set cntrp levels discrete .1 1/exp(1) .9}
825: \key{5 incremental levels at 0, .1, .2, .3 and .4}
826: {set cntrparam levels incremental 0 .1 5 }
827: \key{sets n = 10 retaining current setting of auto, incr., or discr.}
828: {set cntrparam levels 10 }
829: \key{set start = 100 and increment = 50, retaining old n}
830: {set cntrparam levels incremental 100 50}
831:
832: This command controls the way contours are plotted. $<$n$>$ should be an
833: integral constant expression and $<$z1$>$, $<$z2$>$ any constant expressions.
834: The parameters are:
835:
836: {\bf linear}, {\bf cubicspline}, {\bf bspline} - Controls type of approximation or
837: interpolation. If {\bf linear}, then the contours are drawn piecewise
838: linear, as extracted from the surface directly. If {\bf cubicspline}, then
839: piecewise linear contours are interpolated to form a somewhat smoother
840: contours, but which may undulate. The third option is the uniform
841: {\bf bspline}, which only approximates the piecewise linear data but is
842: guaranteed to be smoother.
843:
844: {\bf points} - Eventually all drawings are done with piecewise linear
845: strokes. This number controls the number of points used to
846: approximate a curve. Relevant for {\bf cubicspline} and {\bf bspline} modes
847: only.
848:
849: {\bf order} - Order of the bspline approximation to be used. The bigger this
850: order is, the smoother the resulting contour. (Of course, higher order
851: bspline curves will move further away from the original piecewise linear
852: data.) This option is relevant for {\bf bspline} mode only. Allowed values are
853: integers in the range from 2 (linear) to 10.
854:
855: {\bf levels} - Number of contour levels, 'n'. Selection of the levels is
856: controlled by 'auto' (default), 'discrete', and 'incremental'. For 'auto',
857: if the surface is bounded by zmin and zmax then contours will be
858: generated from zmin+dz to zmax-dz in steps of size dz, where
859: dz = (zmax - zmin) / (levels + 1). For 'discrete', contours will be
860: generated at z = z1, z2 ... as specified. The number of discrete levels
861: is limited to MAX\_DISCRETE\_LEVELS, defined in plot.h to be 30. If
862: 'incremental', contours are generated at $<$n$>$ values of z beginning at
863: $<$start$>$ and increasing by $<$increment$>$.
864:
865: \section{Specifying Labels}
866: Arbitrary labels can be placed on the plot using the {\bf set label}
867: command. If the z coordinate is given on a {\bf plot} it is ignored; if
868: it is missing on a {\bf splot} it is assumed to be 0.
869:
870: \key{set label $\{<$tag$>\} \{"<$label_text$>"\}$}
871: {$\{$at $<$x$>,<$y$>\{,<$z$>\}\}$}
872: \key{}{$\{<$justification$>\}$}
873: \key{set nolabel $\{<$tag$>\}$}{}
874: \key{show label}{}
875:
876: The text defaults to '''', and the position to 0,0,0. The $<$x$>$, $<$y$>$, and
877: $<$z$>$ values are in the graph's coordinate system. The tag is an
878: integer that is used to identify the label. If no $<$tag$>$ is given, the
879: lowest unused tag value is assigned automatically. The tag can be used
880: to delete or change a specific label. To change any attribute of an
881: existing label, use the {\bf set label} command with the appropriate tag,
882: and specify the parts of the label to be changed.
883:
884: By default, the text is placed flush left against the point x,y,z.
885: To adjust the way the label is positioned with respect to the point
886: x,y,z, add the parameter $<$justification$>$, which may be {\bf left}, {\bf right}
887: or {\bf center}, indicating that the point is to be at the left, right or
888: center of the text. Labels outside the plotted boundaries are
889: permitted but may interfere with axes labels or other text.
890:
891: \key{label at (1,2) to ``y=x'' }{set label "y=x" at 1,2}
892: \key{label ``y=x^2'' w right of the text at (2,3,4), }
893: {set label 3 "y=x^2" at 2,3,4 right}
894: \key{\& tag the label number 3 }{}
895: \key{change preceding label to center justification}{set label 3 center}
896: \key{delete label number 2 }{set nolabel 2}
897: \key{delete all labels}{set nolabel}
898: \key{show all labels (in tag order)}{show label}
899:
900: (The EEPIC, Imagen, LaTeX, and TPIC drivers allow $\backslash$$\backslash$
901: in a string to specify a newline.)
902:
903: \section{Miscellaneous Commands}
904:
905: For further information on these commands, print out a copy
906: of the GNUPLOT manual.
907:
908: \key{change working directory}{cd}
909: \key{erase current screen or device}{clear}
910: \key{exit GNUPLOT}{exit or quit or EOF}
911: \key{display text and wait}{pause <time> ["<string>"]}
912: \key{print the value of $<$expression$>$}{print <expression>}
913: \key{print working directory}{pwd}
914: \key{repeat last {\bf plot} or {\bf splot}}{replot}
915: \key{spawn an interactive shell}{! (UNIX) or \$ (VMS)}
916:
917: \section{Environment Variables}
918:
919: A number of shell environment variables are understood by GNUPLOT.
920: None of these are required, but may be useful.
921:
922: If GNUTERM is defined, it is used as the name of the terminal type to
923: be used. This overrides any terminal type sensed by GNUPLOT on start
924: up, but is itself overridden by the .gnuplot (or equivalent) start-up
925: file (see {\bf start-up}), and of course by later explicit changes.
926:
927: On Unix, AmigaOS, and MS-DOS, GNUHELP may be defined to be the pathname
928: of the HELP file (gnuplot.gih).
929:
930: On VMS, the symbol GNUPLOT\$HELP should be defined as the name of
931: the help library for GNUPLOT.
932:
933: On Unix, HOME is used as the name of a directory to search for
934: a .gnuplot file if none is found in the current directory.
935: On AmigaOS and MS-DOS, GNUPLOT is used. On VMS, SYS\$LOGIN: is used.
936: See help start-up.
937:
938: On Unix, PAGER is used as an output filter for help messages.
939:
940: On Unix and AmigaOS, SHELL is used for the {\bf shell} command. On MS-DOS,
941: COMSPEC is used for the {\bf shell} command.
942:
943: On AmigaOS, GNUFONT is used for the screen font. For example:
944: ``setenv GNUFONT sapphire/14''.
945:
946: On MS-DOS, if the BGI interface is used, the variable {\bf BGI} is used to point
947: to the full path to the BGI drivers directory. Furthermore SVGA is used to
948: name the Super VGA BGI driver in 800x600 res., and its mode of operation
949: as 'Name.Mode'.
950: For example, if the Super VGA driver is C:$\backslash$TC$\backslash$BGI$\backslash$SVGADRV.BGI and mode 3 is
951: used for 800x600 res., then: 'set BGI=C:$\backslash$TC$\backslash$BGI' and 'set SVGA=SVGADRV.3'.
952:
953:
954: \section{Expressions}
955: In general, any mathematical expression accepted by C, FORTRAN,
956: Pascal, or BASIC is valid. The precedence of these operators is
957: determined by the specifications of the C programming language.
958: White space (spaces and tabs) is ignored inside expressions.
959:
960: Complex constants may be expressed as $\{<$real$>,<$imag$>\}$, where
961: $<$real$>$ and $<$imag$>$ must be numerical constants. For example,
962: $\{3,2\}$ represents 3 + 2{\bf i} and $\{0,1\}$ represents {\bf i}
963: itself. The curly braces are explicitly required here.
964: \section{Functions}
965: The functions in GNUPLOT are the same as the corresponding functions
966: in the Unix math library, except that all functions accept integer,
967: real, and complex arguments, unless otherwise noted. The {\bf sgn}
968: function is also supported, as in BASIC.
969:
970: %\begin{center}
971: %\begin{tabular}{|ccl|} \hline
972: \settabs 5\columns
973: \+Function & Arguments & Returns \cr
974: \hrule%\hline
975: \+ abs(x) & any & absolute value of {\tt x}, $|x|$; same type \cr
976: \+ abs(x) & complex & length of {\tt x}, $\sqrt{{\hbox{real}(x)^{2} +
977: \hbox{imag}(x)^{2}}}$ \cr
978: \+ acos(x) & any & $\cos^{-1} x$ (inverse cosine) in radians \cr
979: \+ arg(x) & complex & the phase of $x$ in radians\cr
980: \+ asin(x) & any & $\sin^{-1} x$ (inverse sin) in radians \cr
981: \+ atan(x) & any & $\tan^{-1} x$ (inverse tangent) in radians \cr
982: \+ besj0(x) & radians & $j_{0}$ Bessel function of $x$ \cr
983: \+ besj1(x) & radians & $j_{1}$ Bessel function of $x$ \cr
984: \+ besy0(x) & radians & $y_{0}$ Bessel function of $x$ \cr
985: \+ besy1(x) & radians & $y_{1}$ Bessel function of $x$ \cr
986: \+ ceil(x) & any & $\lceil x \rceil$, smallest integer not less than $x$
987: (real part) \cr
988: \+ cos(x) & radians & $\cos x$, cosine of $x$ \cr
989: \+ cosh(x) & radians & $\cosh x$, hyperbolic cosine of $x$ \cr
990: \+ erf(x) & any & $\hbox{Erf}(\hbox{real}(x))$, error function of real($x$) \cr
991: \+ erfc(x) & any & $\hbox{Erfc}(\hbox{real}(x))$, 1.0 - error function of real($x$) \cr
992: \+ exp(x) & any & $e^{x}$, exponential function of $x$ \cr
993: \+ floor(x) & any & $\lfloor x \rfloor$, largest integer not greater
994: than $x$ (real part) \cr
995: \+ gamma(x) & any & $\hbox{Gamma}(\hbox{real}(x))$, gamma function of real($x$) \cr
996: \+ ibeta(p,q,x) & any & $\hbox{Ibeta}(\hbox{real}(p,q,x))$, ibeta function of real($p$,$q$,$x$) \cr
997: \+ igamma(a,x) & any & $\hbox{Igamma}(\hbox{real}(a,x))$, igamma function of real($a$,$x$) \cr
998: \+ imag(x) & complex & imaginary part of $x$ as a real number \cr
999: \+ int(x) & real & integer part of $x$, truncated toward zero \cr
1000: \+ lgamma(x) & any & $\hbox{Lgamma}(\hbox{real}(x))$, lgamma function of real($x$) \cr
1001: \+ log(x) & any & $\log_{e} x$, natural logarithm (base $e$) of $x$ \cr
1002: \+ log10(x) & any & $\log_{10} x$, logarithm (base $10$) of $x$ \cr
1003: \+ rand(x) & any & $\hbox{Rand}(\hbox{real}(x))$, pseudo random number generator \cr
1004: \+ real(x) & any & real part of $x$ \cr
1005: \+ sgn(x) & any & 1 if $x>0$, -1 if $x<0$, 0 if $x=0$. imag($x$) ignored \cr
1006: \+ sin(x) & radians & $\sin x$, sine of $x$ \cr
1007: \+ sinh(x) & radians & $\sinh x$, hyperbolic sine $x$ \cr
1008: \+ sqrt(x) & any & $\sqrt{x}$, square root of $x$ \cr
1009: \+ tan(x) & radians & $\tan x$, tangent of $x$ \cr
1010: \+ tanh(x) & radians & $\tanh x$, hyperbolic tangent of $x$\cr
1011: \hrule % \hline
1012: %\end{tabular}
1013: %\end{center}
1014: \section{Operators}
1015: The operators in GNUPLOT are the same as the corresponding operators
1016: in the C programming language, except that all operators accept
1017: integer, real, and complex arguments, unless otherwise noted.
1018: The ** operator (exponentiation) is supported, as in FORTRAN.
1019:
1020: Parentheses may be used to change order of evaluation.
1021:
1022:
1023:
1024: %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
1025: \bye
1026: \subsubsection{Binary}
1027: The following is a list of all the binary operators and their
1028: usages:
1029:
1030:
1031: \begin{center}
1032: \begin{tabular}{|ccl|} \hline
1033: \multicolumn{3}{|c|}{Binary Operators} \\
1034: Symbol & Example & Explanation \\ \hline
1035: \verb~**~ & \verb~a**b~ & exponentiation\\
1036: \verb~*~ & \verb~a*b~ & multiplication\\
1037: \verb~/~ & \verb~a/b~ & division\\
1038: \verb~%~ & \verb~a%b~ & * modulo\\
1039: \verb~+~ & \verb~a+b~ & addition\\
1040: \verb~-~ & \verb~a-b~ & subtraction\\
1041: \verb~==~ & \verb~a==b~ & equality\\
1042: \verb~!=~ & \verb~a!=b~ & inequality\\
1043: \verb~&~ & \verb~a&b~ & * bitwise AND\\
1044: \verb~^~ & \verb~a^b~ & * bitwise exclusive OR\\
1045: \verb~|~ & \verb~a|b~ & * bitwise inclusive OR\\
1046: \verb~&&~ & \verb~a&&b~ & * logical AND\\
1047: \verb~||~ & \verb~a||b~ & * logical OR\\
1048: \verb~?:~ & \verb~a?b:c~ & * ternary operation\\
1049: \hline
1050: \end{tabular}
1051: \end{center}
1052: (*) Starred explanations indicate that the operator requires
1053: integer arguments.
1054:
1055: Logical AND (\&\&) and OR ($|$$|$) short-circuit the way they do in C.
1056: That is, the second \&\& operand is not evaluated if the first is
1057: false; the second $|$$|$ operand is not evaluated if the first is true.
1058:
1059: The ternary operator evaluates its first argument (a). If it is
1060: true (non-zero) the second argument (b) is evaluated and returned,
1061: otherwise the third argument (c) is evaluated and returned.
1062: \subsubsection{Unary}
1063: The following is a list of all the unary operators and their
1064: usages:
1065:
1066:
1067: \begin{center}
1068: \begin{tabular}{|ccl|} \hline
1069: \multicolumn{3}{|c|}{Unary Operators}\\
1070: Symbol & Example & Explanation \\ \hline
1071: \verb@-@ & \verb@-a@ & unary minus \\
1072: \verb@~@ & \verb@~a@ & * one's complement \\
1073: \verb@!@ & \verb@!a@ & * logical negation \\
1074: \verb@!@ & \verb@a!@ & * factorial \\
1075: \hline
1076: \end{tabular}
1077: \end{center}
1078: (*) Starred explanations indicate that the operator requires an
1079: integer argument.
1080:
1081: The factorial operator returns a real number to allow a greater range.
1082: %%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%5
FreeBSD-CVSweb <freebsd-cvsweb@FreeBSD.org>
![[BACK]](/icons/cvsweb/back.gif){kind=icon}
Return to gpcard.tex CVS log ![[TXT]](/icons/cvsweb/text.gif){kind=icon}
![[DIR]](/icons/cvsweb/dir.gif){kind=icon}
Up to [local] / OpenXM_contrib / gnuplot / docs