Annotation of OpenXM_contrib/gnuplot/docs/latextut/tutorial.tex, Revision 1.1
1.1 ! maekawa 1: %
! 2: % Tutorial for GNUPLOT plotting program, for LaTeX users
! 3: % David Kotz
! 4: % Duke University Computer Science Department
! 5: %
! 6: % NOTE: If LaTeX runs out of memory processing plots,
! 7: % add ``with lines 4'' to each curve in eg*.plt and rerun make.
! 8: %
! 9:
! 10: % some header info
! 11: \input{header}
! 12:
! 13: \begin{document}
! 14:
! 15: \title{\LaTeX\ and the GNUPLOT Plotting
! 16: Program\thanks{This document describes GNUPLOT version 3.0. All plots
! 17: in this document were made with that version of GNUPLOT.} }
! 18: \author{David Kotz}
! 19: \date{July 3, 1991}
! 20:
! 21: \maketitle
! 22:
! 23: \pagestyle{myheadings}
! 24: \markright{GNUPLOT \LaTeX\ Tutorial Version 3.0}
! 25:
! 26: \currentspace % defined in header.tex
! 27:
! 28: \section{Introduction and History}
! 29:
! 30: GNUPLOT was originally developed by Colin Kelley and Thomas Williams
! 31: in 1986 to plot functions and data files on a variety of terminals.
! 32: In 1988 and 1989 I created an alternate version, known as Gnu\TeX,
! 33: that supported a new ``terminal type'' called {\tt latex}, so gnuplot
! 34: would output \LaTeX\ code. The plot could then be included in a
! 35: \LaTeX\ document. I added a number of embellishments, supported only
! 36: by the {\tt latex} terminal, allowing the user to produce
! 37: publication-quality plots.
! 38:
! 39: In late 1989 and early 1990 Gnu\TeX\ and a number of other GNUPLOT
! 40: variants were merged together into a new release of GNUPLOT, 2.0. This
! 41: includes, among many other improvements, a \LaTeX\ driver derived from
! 42: the one in Gnu\TeX. Former Gnu\TeX\ users are referred to
! 43: Section~\ref{oldusers} for information about adapting to GNUPLOT.
! 44: Anyone interested in using GNUPLOT with \LaTeX\ should read the next
! 45: section, a tutorial, and the primary GNUPLOT manual.
! 46:
! 47: The reader should note that the \LaTeX\ picture environments output by
! 48: GNUPLOT can be quite large and complicated, and can easily exceed the
! 49: memory capacity of \TeX. If an enlarged version of \TeX\ is available,
! 50: it is wise to use it. Otherwise, keep your plots simple and add
! 51: \verb+\clearpage+ to your document where necessary.
! 52:
! 53: There is also a new EEPIC driver ({\tt eepic}), intended for use with
! 54: the EEPIC macro package for \LaTeX. EEPIC allows for much more
! 55: efficient line-drawing, runs through \LaTeX\ faster, and uses less
! 56: memory. See Section~\ref{s:eepic} for more information.
! 57:
! 58: There is a small package of auxiliary files (makefiles and scripts)
! 59: that I find useful for making \LaTeX\ plots with GNUPLOT. This is
! 60: available for \verb+ftp+ as \verb+pub/gnuplot-latex.shar+ from
! 61: \verb+cs.duke.edu+. I can mail copies (see the end of this paper for
! 62: information).
! 63:
! 64: \section{Using GNUPLOT for \LaTeX: a Tutorial}
! 65:
! 66: GNUPLOT is by nature an interactive program. Users making plots for
! 67: \LaTeX\ will generally not use GNUPLOT interactively. Whenever hard
! 68: copy is desired from GNUPLOT, the program need not be run on a
! 69: graphics terminal. In this case the output is directed to a file or
! 70: pipe, then sent to the appropriate output device. For example, output
! 71: from the terminal type {\tt unixplot} may be sent to a program
! 72: interpreting the Unix plotting standard. The terminal types {\tt
! 73: imagen} and {\tt postscript} may be used for output to printers
! 74: understanding those languages. (A shell script ({\tt lasergnu}) is
! 75: supplied with the distribution that will accept a GNUPLOT command or
! 76: input file and send the output to an Imagen or Postscript laser
! 77: printer. This script may have been adapted to your site.) The terminal
! 78: type {\tt fig} outputs FIG code that can be read by the Fig graphics
! 79: program and translated into forms usable in both \TeX\ and
! 80: \LaTeX\ documents.
! 81:
! 82: We now ignore the interactive nature of GNUPLOT and provide the input
! 83: to GNUPLOT from a file, \ie,
! 84: \begin{verbatim}
! 85: gnuplot gnu.input
! 86: \end{verbatim}
! 87: In this example, all of the commands to GNUPLOT are contained in the
! 88: file {\tt gnu.input}. Multiple filenames may be supplied to GNUPLOT
! 89: this way, read in the order they are given. The output (one or more
! 90: plots) may be piped to another program or redirected to a file.
! 91: Usually, however, we direct the output explicitly with an instruction
! 92: to GNUPLOT (the {\tt set output} command). GNUPLOT continues to print
! 93: error messages to the terminal (stderr).
! 94:
! 95: \paragraph{Example 1:} Here is a first example, producing a plot for
! 96: this document. The GNUPLOT input file is given below, and the output
! 97: appears as Figure~\ref{eg1}. The input file defines the output to be
! 98: in \LaTeX, gives a file name for the output, and plots $y=sin(x)$ for
! 99: $x$ on $[-\pi,\pi]$. To produce the figure, I simply
! 100: \verb+\input{eg1}+ in a {\tt center} environment in a {\tt figure}
! 101: environment. In following examples, I will enclose the figure in a box
! 102: to make it look a little better.
! 103:
! 104: \singlespace
! 105: \begin{verbatim}
! 106: set terminal latex
! 107: set output "eg1.tex"
! 108: plot [-3.14:3.14] sin(x)
! 109: \end{verbatim}
! 110: \currentspace
! 111:
! 112: \begin{figure}[htbp]
! 113: \begin{center}
! 114: \input{eg1}
! 115: \end{center}
! 116: \caption{A first example: $y=sin(x)$}
! 117: \label{eg1}
! 118: \end{figure}
! 119:
! 120: Note that GNUPLOT has drawn in the axes, labeled the tic marks for us,
! 121: scaled the $y$ axis automatically, and added a key in the
! 122: upper-right-hand corner (this may be moved with the {\tt set key}
! 123: command, and removed with {\tt set nokey}).
! 124:
! 125: This is the default line style for the \LaTeX\ driver. Because of the
! 126: limited picture capabilities of \LaTeX, many dots are required to
! 127: approximate drawing a solid line. This may overload the memory of many
! 128: \TeX\ implementations. There are other line types available that draw
! 129: dotted lines and use much less memory. The EEPIC driver draws solid
! 130: lines with much less memory usage.
! 131:
! 132: \paragraph{Example 2:} Now we will embellish the plot a little with
! 133: some labels. This input file produces Figure~\ref{eg2}.
! 134:
! 135: \singlespace
! 136: \begin{verbatim}
! 137: set terminal latex
! 138: set output "eg2.tex"
! 139: set size 5/5., 4/3.
! 140: set format xy "$%g$"
! 141: set title "This is a plot of $y=sin(x)$"
! 142: set xlabel "This is the $x$ axis"
! 143: set ylabel "This is\\the\\$y$ axis"
! 144: plot [0:6.28] [0:1] sin(x)
! 145: \end{verbatim}
! 146: \currentspace
! 147:
! 148: \boxfigure{htbp}{\fullboxwidth}{
! 149: \begin{center}
! 150: \input{eg2}
! 151: \end{center}
! 152: \caption{A more fancy example.}
! 153: \label{eg2}
! 154: }
! 155:
! 156: We have specified the plot to be 5 inches wide and 4 inches tall with
! 157: the {\tt set size} command. This is the size of the area used by the
! 158: plot, {\em including} space for the labels. In the first example,
! 159: this size was the default 5 inches by 3 inches. By specifying the
! 160: scaling factors of 1 (or 5/5) and 1.3333 (or 4/3), we obtain the
! 161: desired plot size.
! 162:
! 163: We have requested that the format used by the $x$- and $y$-axis tic
! 164: mark labels be in \LaTeX\ math mode. This makes the labels look a
! 165: little better. The default is \verb+set format xy "%g"+. The \verb+%g+
! 166: represents the general-purpose floating point formatting specification
! 167: for the {\tt printf} function in C. Any valid floating-point
! 168: formatting specification, or \LaTeX\ command, is allowed in the
! 169: format.
! 170:
! 171: A title for the plot and labels for the axes were set up in the next
! 172: three commands. Note that they are processed by \LaTeX\ and so may
! 173: have math mode and other symbols in them. The ylabel may have multiple
! 174: lines, delineated with \verb+\\+. The ylabel can be moved around with
! 175: optional offset parameters (see {\tt set ylabel} in the GNUPLOT
! 176: manual). Typically, the ylabel needs to be moved to the left to avoid
! 177: interfering with the left-hand side of the plot. Once these labels
! 178: are set up, they will be used for all subsequent plot commands until
! 179: they are changed. These labels are also supported by the other
! 180: terminal types, but (of course) any \LaTeX\ code in the string will
! 181: not be interpreted. We have also defined the range of both $x$ (now
! 182: $[0,2\pi]$) and $y$ (here $[0,1]$).
! 183:
! 184: So far we have plotted one curve, $y=\sin(x)$, on one plot. In
! 185: GNUPLOT, each {\tt plot} command generates a new plot. If the output
! 186: is to a screen, the screen is cleared. If to a printer, a new page is
! 187: produced. In the {\tt latex} case, a new picture is started. It is not
! 188: likely that \LaTeX\ users will want this to happen, so generally each
! 189: plot has its own input file and is kept in a separate output ({\tt
! 190: .tex}) file for inclusion at different places in the document.
! 191:
! 192: \paragraph{Example 3:} To place more than one curve on a plot, use one
! 193: {\tt plot} statement and separate the description of each curve by a
! 194: comma. In our next example, we will plot both a function and a data
! 195: file on the same plot. This plot is shown in Figure~\ref{eg3}.
! 196:
! 197: \singlespace
! 198: \begin{verbatim}
! 199: set terminal latex
! 200: set output "eg3.tex"
! 201: set format xy "$%g$"
! 202: set title "This is another plot"
! 203: set xlabel "$x$ axis"
! 204: set ylabel "$y$ axis"
! 205: set key 15,-10
! 206: plot x with lines, "eg3.dat" with linespoints
! 207: \end{verbatim}
! 208: \currentspace
! 209:
! 210: \boxfigure{htbp}{\fullboxwidth}{
! 211: \begin{center}
! 212: \input{eg3}
! 213: \end{center}
! 214: \caption{An example with two curves on the same plot.}
! 215: \label{eg3}
! 216: }
! 217:
! 218: Here you will see that the $x$ range was not specified. The $x$ range
! 219: is determined automatically, unless specified by the user. In
! 220: this case, it is defined by the range of the data file
! 221: \verb+"eg3.dat"+. The function is plotted over the same range. If no
! 222: data files or $x$ range are supplied, the default range of $[-10:10]$
! 223: is used. We have also moved the key to a different position. The
! 224: function $y=x$ is plotted ``with lines'', which is the default plot
! 225: style for functions, and is shown here to illustrate the plot style
! 226: option. The data file {\tt eg3.dat} is plotted with style {\tt
! 227: linespoints}, a style like {\tt lines} that also plots a symbol at
! 228: each data point.
! 229:
! 230: There is a style called {\tt points} that only plots the symbols at
! 231: data points, and another called {\tt dots} that plots a tiny dot for
! 232: each data point. The {\tt points} and {\tt linespoints} styles
! 233: produce a different point symbol for each curve on the plot (for up to
! 234: twelve symbols, after which they are re-used; see
! 235: Figure~\ref{linepoint} for a complete list). The {\tt lines} and {\tt
! 236: linespoints} styles use a different line style for each curve on the
! 237: plot (in this example the dots have different spacing). The
! 238: style {\tt impulses} draws a perpendicular from each point to the
! 239: $x$-axis. Finally, the {\tt errorbars} style can draw error bars at
! 240: each data point (see the GNUPLOT manual).
! 241:
! 242: \paragraph{Example 4:} In the above plots of $\sin(x)$, it would make
! 243: more sense to label the axis in units of $\pi$. The position and
! 244: labels of the tic labels may be specified by the user, with the {\tt
! 245: set xtics} and {\tt set ytics} commands. This is demonstrated by
! 246: the following example, shown in Figure~\ref{eg4}.
! 247:
! 248: \singlespace
! 249: \begin{verbatim}
! 250: set terminal latex
! 251: set output "eg4.tex"
! 252: set format y "$%g$"
! 253: set format x "$%.2f$"
! 254: set title "This is $\sin(x)$"
! 255: set xlabel "This is the $x$ axis"
! 256: set ylabel "$\sin(x)$"
! 257: set nokey
! 258: set xtics -pi, pi/4
! 259: plot [-pi:pi] [-1:1] sin(x)
! 260: \end{verbatim}
! 261: \currentspace
! 262:
! 263: \boxfigure{htbp}{\fullboxwidth}{
! 264: \begin{center}
! 265: \input{eg4}
! 266: \end{center}
! 267: \caption{An example of the {\tt set xtics} command.}
! 268: \label{eg4}
! 269: }
! 270:
! 271: Since {\tt pi} is a predefined variable in GNUPLOT, we can use it
! 272: anywhere we may use an expression. The {\tt set xtics} command here
! 273: specifies that the tics on the $x$ axis start at $-\pi$ and increment
! 274: by $\pi/4$. Since no end point is given, the tics continue to the
! 275: right edge. We have also turned off the key, and changed the format to
! 276: restrict the $x$-axis tic labels to 2 decimal places.
! 277:
! 278: With a little more work, the plot can look even better. Another form
! 279: of this command allows us to specify the label and position of each
! 280: tic individually. Replacing the above {\tt set xtics} command with
! 281: the following gives us Figure~\ref{eg5}. We also make use of the line
! 282: continuation character, the backslash (\verb+\+), to spread out this
! 283: command for readability.
! 284:
! 285: \singlespace
! 286: \begin{verbatim}
! 287: set xtics ("$-\pi$" -pi,\
! 288: "$-\frac{\pi}{2}$" -pi/2,\
! 289: "0" 0,\
! 290: "$\frac{\pi}{2}$" pi/2,\
! 291: "$\pi$" pi)
! 292: \end{verbatim}
! 293: \currentspace
! 294:
! 295: \boxfigure{htbp}{\fullboxwidth}{
! 296: \begin{center}
! 297: \input{eg5}
! 298: \end{center}
! 299: \caption{A fancy example of the {\tt set xtics} command.}
! 300: \label{eg5}
! 301: }
! 302:
! 303: \paragraph{Going further:} You should now be able to make a variety of
! 304: plots for your \LaTeX\ document. We will present a final example
! 305: without explanation that showcases some of the capabilities of
! 306: GNUPLOT. You may find documentation for the various commands in the
! 307: GNUPLOT manual, though hopefully this example is somewhat
! 308: self-explanatory. This is shown in Figure~\ref{eg6}.
! 309:
! 310: \singlespace
! 311: \begin{verbatim}
! 312: set terminal latex
! 313: set output "eg6.tex"
! 314: set size 3.5/5, 3/3.
! 315: set format y "$%g$"
! 316: set format x "$%5.1f\mu$"
! 317: set title "This is a title"
! 318: set xlabel "This is the $x$ axis"
! 319: set ylabel "This is\\a longer\\version\\ of\\the $y$\\ axis"
! 320: set label "Data" at -5,-5 right
! 321: set arrow from -5,-5 to -3.3,-6.7
! 322: set key -4,8
! 323: set xtic -10,5,10
! 324: plot [-10:10] [-10:10] "eg3.dat" title "Data File" with linespoints 1 7,\
! 325: 3*exp(-x*x)+1 title "$3e^{-x^{2}}+1$" with lines 4
! 326: \end{verbatim}
! 327: \currentspace
! 328:
! 329: \boxfigure{htbp}{\fullboxwidth}{
! 330: \begin{center}
! 331: \input{eg6}
! 332: \end{center}
! 333: \caption{An example of many features.}
! 334: \label{eg6}
! 335: }
! 336:
! 337: \paragraph{Line and point types:} For reference, we show all of the
! 338: line and point types available in Figure~\ref{linepoint}.
! 339:
! 340: \boxfigure{htbp}{\fullboxwidth}{
! 341: \begin{center}
! 342: \input{linepoin}
! 343: \end{center}
! 344: \caption{All of the line and point types in the \LaTeX\ driver.}
! 345: \label{linepoint}
! 346: }
! 347:
! 348: \subsection{Summary --- Use with \LaTeX}
! 349: In summary, to use the \LaTeX\ facilities of GNUPLOT, the first
! 350: command to GNUPLOT should be
! 351: \begin{syntax}
! 352: set terminal latex
! 353: \end{syntax}
! 354: and the output of GNUPLOT should be directed to a file, for example,
! 355: \begin{verbatim}
! 356: set output "plot.tex"
! 357: \end{verbatim}
! 358: This may be anything you like but it should have a {\tt .tex} extension,
! 359: of course. Then the size of the plot should be given. For example, the
! 360: command
! 361: \begin{verbatim}
! 362: set size 1,2
! 363: \end{verbatim}
! 364: tells GNUPLOT to use a 5 inch wide by 6 inch high box for the plot.
! 365: The numbers given are {\em scale factors}, not the actual size. The
! 366: default is 5 inches by 3 inches. This is the size of the complete
! 367: plot, including all labels.
! 368:
! 369: When finished, the file will contain all of the plots you have
! 370: specified (you probably only want one plot per file). This file can
! 371: then be used in a \LaTeX\ document, \eg,
! 372:
! 373: \singlespace
! 374: \begin{verbatim}
! 375: \begin {figure}
! 376: \begin{center}
! 377: \input{plot}
! 378: \end{center}
! 379: \end {figure}
! 380: \end{verbatim}
! 381: \currentspace
! 382: This puts the plot into a figure.
! 383:
! 384: You will also want to read about the following commands: {\tt set
! 385: title, set xlabel, set ylabel, set key, set label, set xtics, set
! 386: ytics}, and {\tt set clip}. These are all described in the regular
! 387: GNUPLOT manual.
! 388:
! 389: \section{Use with EEPIC}
! 390: \label{s:eepic}
! 391: EEPIC is a macro package extending the picture environment of \LaTeX.
! 392: If you have the EPIC or EEPIC macros, and your {\tt dvi} translator
! 393: supports the {\em tpic\/} \verb+\special+s, then you can save \LaTeX\
! 394: memory. With EEPIC pictures, the {\tt plot.tex} file will be smaller,
! 395: \LaTeX\ will run much faster (and need much less memory), and the {\tt
! 396: dvi} file will be smaller. The quality of the output is about the
! 397: same. If you change the source, you can generate some more interesting
! 398: line styles.
! 399:
! 400: To use EEPIC, set GNUPLOT's terminal type to {\tt eepic} instead of
! 401: {\tt latex}, and use GNUPLOT as before. The line styles will change.
! 402: Include the file {\tt plot.tex} in your document as before, along with
! 403: the document style options {\tt [epic,eepic]}.
! 404:
! 405: \section{For Former Gnu\TeX\ Users}
! 406: \label{oldusers}
! 407:
! 408: Former Gnu\TeX\ users may be pleased with many of the new features
! 409: (many inspired by your suggestions!), but will also find many changes.
! 410: GNUPLOT will {\em not\/} run all Gnu\TeX\ input files unchanged.
! 411: Several Gnu\TeX\ features were not included in GNUPLOT because they
! 412: were specific to the \LaTeX\ driver. I encourage you to use the newer
! 413: GNUPLOT. A translator is available that attempts to translate your
! 414: old Gnu\TeX\ 1.6 input files into GNUPLOT 3.0 files. You can ftp it
! 415: from \verb+cs.duke.edu+ as \verb+dist/sources/gnuplot/gnut2p.tar.Z+.
! 416: This file also contains directions and a list of changes from Gnu\TeX\
! 417: to GNUPLOT.
! 418:
! 419: \section{Contact}
! 420: For general GNUPLOT questions, send mail to the GNUPLOT mailing list
! 421: (\verb+info-gnuplot@dartmouth.edu+) or post to the GNUPLOT newsgroup
! 422: (\verb+comp.graphics.apps.gnuplot+).
! 423:
! 424: \end{document}
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